{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2162840817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.923118","title":"Gaussian Process Robust Regression for Noisy Heart Rate Data","display_name":"Gaussian Process Robust Regression for Noisy Heart Rate Data","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2162840817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.923118","mag":"2162840817","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18713683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2008.923118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.923118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091002491","display_name":"Oliver Stegle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-7193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Stegle","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK. os252@cam.ac.uk","University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, GB"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK. os252@cam.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056753905","display_name":"S. V. Fallert","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian V. Fallert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053054196","display_name":"David Mackay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-2996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. C. MacKay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005269147","display_name":"S\u00f8ren Brage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1265-7355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158597","display_name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/052578691","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210158597","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soren Brage","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091002491"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":218,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94125173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"9","first_page":"2143","last_page":"2151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7107155323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6915478110313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6348853707313538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.592728316783905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5335121154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5303329229354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-information-criterion","display_name":"Bayesian information criterion","score":0.5119379758834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4653435945510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4374270737171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.422330379486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.412532240152359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3854978084564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.31232351064682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23122170567512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17273271083831787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7107155323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6915478110313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6348853707313538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.592728316783905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5335121154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5303329229354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168136583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988242","display_name":"Bayesian information criterion","level":2,"score":0.5119379758834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4653435945510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4374270737171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.422330379486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.412532240152359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3854978084564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.31232351064682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23122170567512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17273271083831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2008.923118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.923118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18713683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18713683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160583832","https://openalex.org/W177540543","https://openalex.org/W336602872","https://openalex.org/W1509562192","https://openalex.org/W1530235965","https://openalex.org/W1586731159","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1969980989","https://openalex.org/W1996593243","https://openalex.org/W2030444303","https://openalex.org/W2032553935","https://openalex.org/W2043804795","https://openalex.org/W2062313928","https://openalex.org/W2098816250","https://openalex.org/W2104563593","https://openalex.org/W2115957049","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2165926950","https://openalex.org/W3018034337","https://openalex.org/W3142188460","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4231735217","https://openalex.org/W4299551239"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566728629","https://openalex.org/W1502087262","https://openalex.org/W2105284594","https://openalex.org/W2617987378","https://openalex.org/W3122388856","https://openalex.org/W2107617395","https://openalex.org/W2509820422","https://openalex.org/W2626271282","https://openalex.org/W2115519811","https://openalex.org/W4388820315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heart":[0],"rate":[1,73,135],"data":[2,16,92,136],"collected":[3],"during":[4],"nonlaboratory":[5],"conditions":[6],"present":[7],"several":[8],"data-modeling":[9],"challenges.":[10],"First,":[11],"the":[12,37,70,95,109,120,123,127],"noise":[13,100],"in":[14,31,34,44,159],"such":[15,64],"is":[17,40],"often":[18],"poorly":[19],"described":[20],"by":[21,84],"a":[22,59,130,146,156],"simple":[23],"Gaussian;":[24],"it":[25],"has":[26,48],"outliers":[27,98],"and":[28,99,115,137],"errors":[29],"come":[30],"bursts.":[32,101],"Second,":[33],"large-scale":[35],"studies":[36],"ECG":[38],"waveform":[39],"usually":[41],"not":[42],"recorded":[43],"full,":[45],"so":[46],"one":[47],"to":[49,68,93,129],"deal":[50],"with":[51,142,149],"missing":[52],"information.":[53],"In":[54,145],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"propose":[58],"robust":[60],"postprocessing":[61,151],"model":[62,67,107,154],"for":[63],"applications.":[65],"Our":[66],"infer":[69],"latent":[71],"heart":[72,134],"time":[74],"series":[75],"consists":[76],"of":[77,97,122,133],"two":[78],"main":[79],"components:":[80],"unsupervised":[81],"clustering":[82,88],"followed":[83],"Bayesian":[85],"regression.":[86],"The":[87,102],"component":[89],"uses":[90,108],"auxiliary":[91],"learn":[94],"structure":[96],"subsequent":[103],"Gaussian":[104],"process":[105],"regression":[106],"cluster":[110],"assignments":[111],"as":[112],"prior":[113],"information":[114],"incorporates":[116],"expert":[117],"knowledge":[118],"about":[119],"physiology":[121],"heart.":[124],"We":[125],"apply":[126],"method":[128],"wide":[131],"range":[132],"obtain":[138],"convincing":[139],"predictions":[140],"along":[141],"uncertainty":[143],"estimates.":[144],"quantitative":[147],"comparison":[148],"existing":[150],"methodology,":[152],"our":[153],"achieves":[155],"significant":[157],"increase":[158],"performance.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}