{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125518445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.2005943","title":"Noncontact Binocular Eye-Gaze Tracking for Point-of-Gaze Estimation in Three Dimensions","display_name":"Noncontact Binocular Eye-Gaze Tracking for Point-of-Gaze Estimation in Three Dimensions","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125518445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.2005943","mag":"2125518445","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19272927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2008.2005943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.2005943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087878741","display_name":"Craig Hennessey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Hennessey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. craigah@ece.ubc.ca","University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. craigah@ece.ubc.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047779107","display_name":"Peter Lawrence","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-0231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Lawrence","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2371,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82499059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"790","last_page":"799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7597873210906982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.684286892414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6610943078994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6508452892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.4822888672351837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4676121473312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4356391429901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.38446947932243347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7597873210906982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.684286892414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6610943078994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6508452892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.4822888672351837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4676121473312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4356391429901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.38446947932243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053483","descriptor_name":"Eye Movement Measurements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053483","descriptor_name":"Eye Movement Measurements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053483","descriptor_name":"Eye Movement Measurements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2008.2005943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2008.2005943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19272927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19272927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W411830526","https://openalex.org/W605259330","https://openalex.org/W641122507","https://openalex.org/W1490702240","https://openalex.org/W1517003397","https://openalex.org/W1532705157","https://openalex.org/W1538622809","https://openalex.org/W1548594398","https://openalex.org/W1549205813","https://openalex.org/W1577965448","https://openalex.org/W1673978163","https://openalex.org/W1908523837","https://openalex.org/W1964758772","https://openalex.org/W1968080309","https://openalex.org/W1975159027","https://openalex.org/W1979988262","https://openalex.org/W1985860133","https://openalex.org/W1995875282","https://openalex.org/W1996434000","https://openalex.org/W2006803106","https://openalex.org/W2010854031","https://openalex.org/W2018938123","https://openalex.org/W2034124514","https://openalex.org/W2068152044","https://openalex.org/W2076148845","https://openalex.org/W2077819131","https://openalex.org/W2086732792","https://openalex.org/W2101038569","https://openalex.org/W2102476922","https://openalex.org/W2110278039","https://openalex.org/W2129147241","https://openalex.org/W2135346731","https://openalex.org/W2136195777","https://openalex.org/W2140427427","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2170047537","https://openalex.org/W2179148264","https://openalex.org/W2911709767","https://openalex.org/W3010110244","https://openalex.org/W3137325931","https://openalex.org/W6685947392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172197285","https://openalex.org/W2991048842","https://openalex.org/W2750280393","https://openalex.org/W2355696739","https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3158001554","https://openalex.org/W2771909920","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Binocular":[0],"eye-gaze":[1],"tracking":[2],"can":[3],"be":[4,65],"used":[5],"to":[6,43,82,96,154,163],"estimate":[7],"the":[8,19,22,55,155,172],"point-of-gaze":[9],"(POG)":[10],"of":[11,21,116,125,134,150,178],"a":[12,27,80,102,113,131,147],"subject":[13],"in":[14,47,86],"real-world":[15,45],"3-D":[16,33,48,61,84,90],"space":[17,50,87],"using":[18,51],"vergence":[20],"eyes.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"novel":[28],"noncontact":[29,39],"model-based":[30,103],"technique":[31],"for":[32,57,68,108],"POG":[34,62,104],"estimation":[35,63,105],"is":[36,119],"presented.":[37],"The":[38,159],"system":[40],"allows":[41,107],"people":[42],"select":[44,83],"objects":[46],"physical":[49],"their":[52,168],"eyes,":[53],"without":[54],"need":[56],"head-mounted":[58],"equipment.":[59],"Remote":[60],"may":[64],"especially":[66],"useful":[67],"persons":[69],"with":[70,93,146],"quadriplegia":[71],"or":[72],"Amyotrophic":[73],"Lateral":[74],"Sclerosis.":[75],"It":[76,118],"would":[77],"also":[78],"enable":[79],"user":[81],"points":[85],"generated":[88],"by":[89],"volumetric":[91],"displays,":[92],"potential":[94],"applications":[95],"medical":[97],"imaging":[98],"and":[99,112,166],"telesurgery.":[100],"Using":[101],"algorithm":[106],"free":[109,162],"head":[110],"motion":[111],"single":[114],"stage":[115],"calibration.":[117],"shown":[120],"that":[121],"an":[122,175],"average":[123],"accuracy":[124],"3.93":[126],"cm":[127,140,180,183],"was":[128],"achieved":[129],"over":[130],"workspace":[132],"volume":[133],"30":[135],"x":[136,138,142,144,181,184],"23":[137],"25":[139],"(W":[141],"H":[143],"D)":[145],"maximum":[148],"latency":[149],"1.5":[151],"s":[152],"due":[153],"digital":[156],"filtering":[157],"employed.":[158],"users":[160],"were":[161],"naturally":[164],"move":[165],"reorient":[167],"heads":[169],"while":[170],"operating":[171],"system,":[173],"within":[174],"allowable":[176],"headspace":[177],"3":[179],"9":[182],"14":[185],"cm.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
