{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207961195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","title":"Pixel-Level Face Image Quality Assessment for Explainable Face Recognition","display_name":"Pixel-Level Face Image Quality Assessment for Explainable Face Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207961195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","mag":"3207961195"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8599058/10088447.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8599058/10088447.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044420198","display_name":"Philipp Terh\u00f6rst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-5712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206945453","display_name":"Paderborn University","ror":"https://ror.org/058kzsd48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE","NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Terh\u00f6rst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Germany","Paderborn University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-5712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paderborn University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102902943","display_name":"Marco Huber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3413-6291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Huber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3413-6291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059766088","display_name":"Naser Damer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Damer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-7895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051903529","display_name":"Florian Kirchbuchner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3790-3732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Kirchbuchner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3790-3732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089066381","display_name":"Kiran Raja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-5161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-5161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046597105","display_name":"Arjan Kuijper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-0061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjan Kuijper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-0061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Living &#x0026; Biometric Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044420198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367","https://openalex.org/I206945453","https://openalex.org/I3019423309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8799,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94958762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"288","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.8521038293838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8214825391769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8008792996406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7164871692657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.7081899046897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6698954105377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.6286162734031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5767465829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5698776841163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5667945146560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5169352889060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.43775731325149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4169454872608185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.8521038293838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8214825391769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8008792996406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7164871692657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7081899046897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6698954105377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.6286162734031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5767465829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5698776841163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5667945146560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5169352889060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.43775731325149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4169454872608185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8599058/10088447.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3134471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3134471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"288-297","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/440296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/440296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2023.3263186","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8599058/10088447.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320885","display_name":"European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/055zrhj18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338484","display_name":"DOD Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207961195.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207961195.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506836750","https://openalex.org/W1526662621","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W1988558213","https://openalex.org/W1991777678","https://openalex.org/W2024804726","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2082012145","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2104764202","https://openalex.org/W2107275505","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2150165932","https://openalex.org/W2157920973","https://openalex.org/W2167514808","https://openalex.org/W2295556297","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2536633715","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2620158569","https://openalex.org/W2626639386","https://openalex.org/W2788741149","https://openalex.org/W2793964976","https://openalex.org/W2797558164","https://openalex.org/W2798365772","https://openalex.org/W2892703603","https://openalex.org/W2949457696","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963382180","https://openalex.org/W2963781258","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2972986629","https://openalex.org/W2989282534","https://openalex.org/W2996470693","https://openalex.org/W3005560345","https://openalex.org/W3006276840","https://openalex.org/W3006378612","https://openalex.org/W3035739915","https://openalex.org/W3082244326","https://openalex.org/W3082773161","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3110182042","https://openalex.org/W3120331640","https://openalex.org/W3169129566","https://openalex.org/W3174847300","https://openalex.org/W4293861706","https://openalex.org/W4312855456","https://openalex.org/W6630559721","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6681608319","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6754890065","https://openalex.org/W6772129282","https://openalex.org/W6782350438","https://openalex.org/W6782713485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4312407344","https://openalex.org/W2894289927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,81,115],"this":[1,69],"work,":[2],"we":[3,84],"introduce":[4],"the":[5,14,32,53,82,89,105,112,118,122,130,133],"concept":[6],"of":[7,16,35,52,91,132],"pixel-level":[8,33,78,94,127],"face":[9,21,37,42,134],"image":[10,22,38,55,135],"quality":[11,50,64,79],"that":[12,121],"determines":[13],"utility":[15],"single":[17],"pixels":[18],"in":[19],"a":[20,27,36,48,62],"for":[23],"recognition.":[24],"We":[25],"propose":[26],"training-free":[28],"approach":[29],"to":[30,60],"assess":[31],"qualities":[34,95,128],"given":[39],"an":[40],"arbitrary":[41],"recognition":[43],"network.":[44],"To":[45],"achieve":[46],"this,":[47],"model-specific":[49],"value":[51],"input":[54],"is":[56,141],"estimated":[57],"and":[58,75,86,99,102,136],"used":[59],"build":[61],"sample-specific":[63],"regression":[65],"model.":[66],"Based":[67],"on":[68,97,108],"model,":[70],"quality-based":[71],"gradients":[72],"are":[73],"back-propagated":[74],"converted":[76],"into":[77],"estimates.":[80],"experiments,":[83],"qualitatively":[85],"quantitatively":[87],"investigated":[88],"meaningfulness":[90],"our":[92],"proposed":[93,123],"based":[96],"real":[98],"artificial":[100],"disturbances":[101],"by":[103],"comparing":[104],"explanation":[106],"maps":[107],"faces":[109],"incompliant":[110],"with":[111],"ICAO":[113],"standards.":[114],"all":[116],"scenarios,":[117],"results":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"solution":[124],"produces":[125],"meaningful":[126],"enhancing":[129],"interpretability":[131],"its":[137],"quality.":[138],"The":[139],"code":[140],"publicly":[142],"available.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-27T08:22:11.395708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
