{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312566014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3222048","title":"Detox Loss: Fairness Constraints for Learning With Imbalanced Data","display_name":"Detox Loss: Fairness Constraints for Learning With Imbalanced Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312566014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3222048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2022.3222048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3222048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066262755","display_name":"Shruti Nagpal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-994X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shruti Nagpal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084235091","display_name":"Maneet Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5086-1026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maneet Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011779957","display_name":"Richa Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-4573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154549908","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03yacj906","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richa Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050521702","display_name":"Mayank Vatsa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-2274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154549908","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03yacj906","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayank Vatsa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066262755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1019,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41231897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"244","last_page":"254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.968500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.660372793674469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.597538411617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5717287659645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5226478576660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46288084983825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disparate-impact","display_name":"Disparate impact","score":0.4430035650730133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.660372793674469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.597538411617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5717287659645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5226478576660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46288084983825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282532","display_name":"Disparate impact","level":3,"score":0.4430035650730133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2022.3222048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3222048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593950622","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2403443505","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2620727906","https://openalex.org/W2679426462","https://openalex.org/W2784163702","https://openalex.org/W2800833042","https://openalex.org/W2808724111","https://openalex.org/W2914036220","https://openalex.org/W2923741314","https://openalex.org/W2957285709","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2963350032","https://openalex.org/W2963460857","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2964204524","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2982358316","https://openalex.org/W2990751682","https://openalex.org/W3009247505","https://openalex.org/W3010093963","https://openalex.org/W3018301625","https://openalex.org/W3023702633","https://openalex.org/W3034256900","https://openalex.org/W3034700241","https://openalex.org/W3035232573","https://openalex.org/W3035257588","https://openalex.org/W3035447285","https://openalex.org/W3103152812","https://openalex.org/W3119994080","https://openalex.org/W3120895209","https://openalex.org/W3127678221","https://openalex.org/W3170081797","https://openalex.org/W3170344956","https://openalex.org/W3175487241","https://openalex.org/W3175998650","https://openalex.org/W3176854601","https://openalex.org/W4205302377","https://openalex.org/W4224911196","https://openalex.org/W4285023110","https://openalex.org/W4288083801","https://openalex.org/W4288376480","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684072790","https://openalex.org/W6721933647","https://openalex.org/W6748256130","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6761182108","https://openalex.org/W6762534589","https://openalex.org/W6763290930","https://openalex.org/W6779304510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2,21],"highlighted":[3],"a":[4,47,61,106,241],"major":[5],"caveat":[6],"in":[7,95],"several":[8],"popular":[9],"deep":[10,83],"learning":[11,66,70,84,189],"based":[12,120,130],"face":[13],"recognition":[14],"algorithms.":[15],"Despite":[16],"their":[17],"high":[18],"accuracy,":[19],"they":[20],"shown":[22],"to":[23,34,42,49,105,258],"exhibit":[24],"biased":[25],"behavior":[26,38],"by":[27,137],"achieving":[28],"sub-par":[29],"performance":[30,219,261],"on":[31,121,131,170,229],"images":[32],"belonging":[33],"different":[35,204],"sub-groups.":[36],"Such":[37],"can":[39,76],"often":[40],"lead":[41],"unfair":[43],"predictions,":[44],"thus":[45],"presenting":[46],"need":[48,222],"develop":[50],"fairer":[51,82,190],"models":[52,191],"with":[53,103,144,196],"unprejudiced":[54],"behavior.":[55],"This":[56,134],"research":[57],"proposes":[58],"Detox":[59,111,166,212,238],"loss,":[60,152,156],"novel":[62],"bias":[63,89],"invariant":[64],"feature":[65],"loss":[67,75,112,167,213,239],"function":[68],"for":[69,188],"unbiased":[71],"models.":[72],"The":[73,162],"proposed":[74,150,154,159],"be":[77],"used":[78],"to:":[79],"(i)":[80,149,175],"learn":[81],"classifiers,":[85],"and":[86,157,178,192,208,244,254,264],"(ii)":[87,153,179],"mitigate":[88],"from":[90],"existing":[91,194],"pre-trained":[92],"networks,":[93],"especially":[94],"the":[96,110,115,122,132,145,165,183,211,217,221,230,237,259],"challenging":[97,231],"constraint":[98],"of":[99,164,186,216,223,252,262],"imbalanced":[100,198],"training":[101,143,199,225],"data":[102,200],"respect":[104],"protected":[107,184],"attribute.":[108],"Conceptually,":[109],"enforces":[113],"that":[114],"learned":[116],"features":[117],"are":[118],"distinguished":[119],"task":[123],"label":[124],"only,":[125],"while":[126,142],"eliminating":[127],"any":[128],"distinction":[129],"biasing-attribute.":[133],"is":[135,168],"achieved":[136],"incorporating":[138],"three":[139,206],"fairness":[140],"constraints":[141],"traditional":[146],"classification":[147],"loss:":[148],"Exclusion":[151],"Inclusion":[155],"(iii)":[158],"Feature-distillation":[160],"loss.":[161],"efficacy":[163],"demonstrated":[169],"two":[171,203,209],"facial":[172],"analysis":[173],"tasks:":[174],"age-group":[176],"prediction":[177],"gender":[180],"prediction,":[181],"under":[182],"attribute":[185],"ethnicity":[187],"de-biasing":[193],"models,":[195],"varying":[197],"distributions.":[201],"Across":[202],"protocols,":[205],"setups,":[207],"tasks,":[210],"obtains":[214,240],"state":[215],"art":[218],"without":[220],"multi-labeled":[224],"data.":[226],"For":[227],"example,":[228],"Pilot":[232],"Parliaments":[233],"Benchmark":[234],"(PPB)":[235],"dataset,":[236],"balanced":[242],"accuracy":[243],"<inline-formula":[245],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[246],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[247],"<tex-math":[248],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$F_{1}$":[249],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[250],"score":[251],"96.1%":[253],"96.6%,":[255],"as":[256],"compared":[257],"state-of-the-art":[260],"94.1%":[263],"93.6%,":[265],"respectively.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
