{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197653825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","title":"Master Face Attacks on Face Recognition Systems","display_name":"Master Face Attacks on Face Recognition Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197653825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","mag":"3197653825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101654553","display_name":"Huy H. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-7977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200475212","display_name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI","ror":"https://ror.org/0516ah480","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huy H. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-7977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016330764","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Marcel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-9140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901242617","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/050g10a24","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115238","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastien Marcel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-9140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007639385","display_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200475212","display_name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI","ror":"https://ror.org/0516ah480","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan","National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-3955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044556342","display_name":"Isao Echizen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-1860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14396692","display_name":"Tokyo University of Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/044bdx604","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14396692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200475212","display_name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI","ror":"https://ror.org/0516ah480","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isao Echizen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan","National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-1860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14396692","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87672007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"398","last_page":"411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7847514152526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6856268048286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6707078814506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6693426370620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presentation","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","score":0.6321812868118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5718667507171631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5596590638160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.45208966732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4453601539134979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3682909905910492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34835392236709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33185309171676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3167792558670044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7847514152526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6856268048286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6707078814506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6693426370620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.6321812868118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5718667507171631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5596590638160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.45208966732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4453601539134979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3682909905910492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34835392236709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33185309171676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3167792558670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2022.3166206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2867598600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP21H04907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3408703873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP18H04120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3713529179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP20K23355","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6134789448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP16H06302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8315410620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJCR18A6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8405342414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJCR20D3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G891032357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP21K18023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1581565303","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1764565075","https://openalex.org/W1949778830","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W2041942569","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2112036188","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2122702209","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2158844819","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2737047298","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2746769743","https://openalex.org/W2884581909","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2893749619","https://openalex.org/W2897177022","https://openalex.org/W2903798738","https://openalex.org/W2907757105","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2913239513","https://openalex.org/W2955488837","https://openalex.org/W2962760235","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962879692","https://openalex.org/W2963460857","https://openalex.org/W2964011712","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2971074500","https://openalex.org/W2991318208","https://openalex.org/W2994828068","https://openalex.org/W3010699567","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3036836012","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3119277739","https://openalex.org/W3177182897","https://openalex.org/W6630649318","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6741832134","https://openalex.org/W6742897359","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6753113894","https://openalex.org/W6755312952","https://openalex.org/W6762931180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W2037549926","https://openalex.org/W2345479200","https://openalex.org/W2183306018","https://openalex.org/W2849310602","https://openalex.org/W3006008237","https://openalex.org/W2419146053","https://openalex.org/W4388890789","https://openalex.org/W2088247287","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"authentication":[1,12],"is":[2],"now":[3],"widely":[4],"used,":[5],"especially":[6],"on":[7,87],"mobile":[8],"devices,":[9],"rather":[10],"than":[11,111],"using":[13,35,166],"a":[14,30,36,92],"personal":[15],"identification":[16],"number":[17],"or":[18,45],"an":[19,84,190],"unlock":[20],"pattern,":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,96,118,126],"its":[24],"convenience.":[25],"It":[26],"has":[27,52],"thus":[28,181],"become":[29],"tempting":[31],"target":[32],"for":[33],"attackers":[34],"presentation":[37,40,77,164],"attack.":[38],"Traditional":[39],"attacks":[41,165],"use":[42],"facial":[43],"images":[44],"videos":[46],"of":[47,56,76,122,140,155,176,186],"the":[48,54,74,120,138,152,172,184],"victim.":[49],"Previous":[50],"work":[51],"proven":[53],"existence":[55,72,185],"master":[57,98,123,132,145,168,187],"faces,":[58],"i.e.,":[59],"faces":[60,124,133,146,169,188],"that":[61,144,183],"match":[62],"multiple":[63],"enrolled":[64],"templates":[65],"in":[66,148,151],"face":[67,115,156],"recognition":[68,116,157],"systems,":[69],"and":[70,108,125],"their":[71,177],"extends":[73],"ability":[75,175],"attacks.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,142],"report":[83],"extensive":[85],"study":[86],"latent":[88],"variable":[89],"evolution":[90],"(LVE),":[91],"method":[93],"commonly":[94],"used":[95],"generate":[97],"faces.":[99],"An":[100],"LVE":[101],"algorithm":[102],"was":[103],"run":[104],"under":[105,128],"various":[106],"scenarios":[107],"with":[109],"more":[110],"one":[112],"database":[113],"and/or":[114],"system":[117],"identify":[119],"properties":[121],"clarify":[127],"which":[129],"conditions":[130],"strong":[131],"can":[134],"be":[135],"generated.":[136],"On":[137],"basis":[139],"analysis,":[141],"hypothesize":[143],"originate":[147],"dense":[149],"areas":[150],"embedding":[153],"spaces":[154],"systems.":[158],"Last":[159],"but":[160],"not":[161],"least,":[162],"simulated":[163],"generated":[167],"generally":[170],"preserved":[171],"false":[173],"matching":[174],"original":[178],"digital":[179],"forms,":[180],"demonstrating":[182],"poses":[189],"actual":[191],"threat.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}