{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207443200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3120758","title":"Canonical Saliency Maps: Decoding Deep Face Models","display_name":"Canonical Saliency Maps: Decoding Deep Face Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207443200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3120758","mag":"3207443200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3120758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3120758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011424795","display_name":"Thrupthi Ann John","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-6564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64189192","display_name":"International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad","ror":"https://ror.org/05f11g639","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64189192"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thrupthi Ann John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Visual Information Technology, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-6564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Visual Information Technology, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64189192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038020125","display_name":"Vineeth N Balasubramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-0375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65181880","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad","ror":"https://ror.org/01j4v3x97","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65181880"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vineeth N. Balasubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-0375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65181880"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053112307","display_name":"C. V. Jawahar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6767-7057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64189192","display_name":"International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad","ror":"https://ror.org/05f11g639","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64189192"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. V. Jawahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Visual Information Technology, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Visual Information Technology, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64189192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4711,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64918893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"561","last_page":"572"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7813372611999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7271245718002319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.7219264507293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5846271514892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5535681843757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5108804106712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5023236274719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.43925541639328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.42447373270988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4221249222755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40683621168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39740341901779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08892837166786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07715097069740295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7813372611999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7271245718002319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7219264507293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5846271514892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5535681843757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5108804106712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5023236274719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.43925541639328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.42447373270988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4221249222755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40683621168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39740341901779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08892837166786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07715097069740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3120758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3120758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1959566687","https://openalex.org/W2066730603","https://openalex.org/W2082498363","https://openalex.org/W2107037917","https://openalex.org/W2115394472","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2151781036","https://openalex.org/W2158844819","https://openalex.org/W2239239723","https://openalex.org/W2277958045","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2506506742","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2797558164","https://openalex.org/W2903234025","https://openalex.org/W2953073956","https://openalex.org/W2962436310","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963342110","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2964030452","https://openalex.org/W2980994576","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3120485916","https://openalex.org/W4293861706","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6754669440","https://openalex.org/W6767674130"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W3203142394","https://openalex.org/W2141033859","https://openalex.org/W2077542787","https://openalex.org/W2156434174","https://openalex.org/W2071701083","https://openalex.org/W2383687187","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Deep":[1],"Neural":[2],"Network":[3],"models":[4],"for":[5,57,116],"face":[6,70,95,123,190],"processing":[7],"tasks":[8],"approach":[9],"human-like":[10],"performance,":[11],"their":[12,46],"deployment":[13],"in":[14,41,155,166],"critical":[15],"applications":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,48,50],"law":[19],"enforcement":[20],"and":[21,60,107,158,171],"access":[22],"control":[23],"has":[24],"seen":[25],"an":[26,145],"upswing,":[27],"where":[28],"any":[29,188],"failure":[30],"may":[31],"have":[32],"far-reaching":[33],"consequences.":[34],"We":[35,97],"need":[36],"methods":[37],"to":[38,68,131,163],"build":[39],"trust":[40],"deployed":[42],"systems":[43],"by":[44,88,120],"making":[45],"working":[47],"transparent":[49],"possible.":[51],"Existing":[52],"visualization":[53],"algorithms":[54],"are":[55],"designed":[56],"object":[58],"recognition":[59],"do":[61],"not":[62],"give":[63],"insightful":[64],"results":[65,173],"when":[66],"applied\u2018":[67],"the":[69,117,140,149,167,175,178,194],"domain.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"work,":[74],"we":[75],"present":[76,98],"\u2018Canonical":[77],"Saliency":[78,103],"Maps\u2019,":[79],"a":[80,93,121,126,134,137],"new":[81],"method":[82],"which":[83,183],"highlights":[84],"relevant":[85],"facial":[86,113],"areas":[87],"projecting":[89],"saliency":[90,181],"maps":[91,106,111,143],"onto":[92],"canonical":[94,180],"model.":[96,168],"two":[99],"kinds":[100],"of":[101,147,177,193],"Canonical":[102],"Maps:":[104],"image-level":[105],"model-level":[108],"maps.":[109],"Image-level":[110],"highlight":[112],"features":[114],"responsible":[115],"decision":[118],"made":[119,136],"deep":[122,189],"model":[124,152,191],"on":[125,139,154,187],"given":[127],"image,":[128],"thus":[129,159],"helping":[130],"understand":[132],"how":[133],"DNN":[135,151],"prediction":[138],"image.":[141],"Model-level":[142],"provide":[144],"understanding":[146],"what":[148],"entire":[150],"focuses":[153],"each":[156],"task,":[157],"can":[160,184],"be":[161,185],"used":[162,186],"detect":[164],"biases":[165],"Our":[169],"qualitative":[170],"quantitative":[172],"show":[174],"usefulness":[176],"proposed":[179],"maps,":[182],"regardless":[192],"architecture.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
