{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3159983479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3100926","title":"Is Gender \u201cIn-the-Wild\u201d Inference Really a Solved Problem?","display_name":"Is Gender \u201cIn-the-Wild\u201d Inference Really a Solved Problem?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3159983479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3100926","mag":"3159983479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3100926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3100926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05794","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088262626","display_name":"Tiago Roxo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9563-8039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Roxo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","University of Beira Interior"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9563-8039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Beira Interior","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090305015","display_name":"Hugo Proen\u00e7a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-8570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Proenca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","University of Beira Interior"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-8570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Beira Interior","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04439415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"573","last_page":"582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12663","display_name":"Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.8562538027763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6973881721496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6889694929122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6401952505111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6024113297462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5690646767616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.512484073638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.48736244440078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.47566479444503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4730633497238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4205312728881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4010334014892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3312116265296936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.8562538027763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6973881721496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6889694929122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6401952505111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6024113297462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5690646767616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.512484073638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48736244440078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47566479444503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4730633497238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4205312728881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4010334014892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3312116265296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3100926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3100926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.05794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05794","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3159983479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.05794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.05794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.05794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05794","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W297909767","https://openalex.org/W1562353621","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1905153633","https://openalex.org/W1929049076","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2111025459","https://openalex.org/W2130352044","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2308869522","https://openalex.org/W2410968923","https://openalex.org/W2472456744","https://openalex.org/W2487898712","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2518918709","https://openalex.org/W2604463754","https://openalex.org/W2767103364","https://openalex.org/W2808154247","https://openalex.org/W2810873347","https://openalex.org/W2867270703","https://openalex.org/W2902407103","https://openalex.org/W2913900874","https://openalex.org/W2951005624","https://openalex.org/W2952555501","https://openalex.org/W2957702778","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963266717","https://openalex.org/W2963365374","https://openalex.org/W2963377935","https://openalex.org/W2963708869","https://openalex.org/W2963781481","https://openalex.org/W2963801817","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2964248351","https://openalex.org/W2984481992","https://openalex.org/W2986999591","https://openalex.org/W2998623138","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3026128218","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3114443282","https://openalex.org/W3161330763","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6640445712","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6748370023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971245528","https://openalex.org/W2984936671","https://openalex.org/W2188101492","https://openalex.org/W2777960522","https://openalex.org/W2910882903","https://openalex.org/W2491543544","https://openalex.org/W3006425815","https://openalex.org/W2738472330","https://openalex.org/W2921273737","https://openalex.org/W1970604134","https://openalex.org/W3105722661","https://openalex.org/W3094231124","https://openalex.org/W2567223236","https://openalex.org/W2556554004","https://openalex.org/W3089284156","https://openalex.org/W3162922192","https://openalex.org/W2799156095","https://openalex.org/W3209337301","https://openalex.org/W2738408077","https://openalex.org/W2883464983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soft":[0],"biometrics":[1],"analysis":[2,61,98],"is":[3,20],"seen":[4,22,181],"as":[5,23,52,182],"an":[6,59,144,171],"important":[7],"research":[8],"topic,":[9],"given":[10],"its":[11,66],"relevance":[12],"to":[13,33,109,198],"various":[14],"applications.":[15],"However,":[16],"even":[17],"though":[18],"it":[19,27],"frequently":[21],"a":[24,183],"solved":[25],"task,":[26],"can":[28],"still":[29],"be":[30],"very":[31],"hard":[32],"perform":[34],"in":[35,146,191],"wild":[36],"conditions,":[37,41],"under":[38],"varying":[39],"image":[40,69,147,162],"uncooperative":[42],"poses,":[43],"and":[44,72,74,78,89,123,165],"occlusions.":[45],"Considering":[46],"the":[47,63,104,111,125,175],"<italic":[48],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[49],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">gender</i>":[50],"trait":[51],"our":[53],"topic":[54],"of":[55,62,65,113,188],"study,":[56],"we":[57,95,118],"report":[58],"extensive":[60],"feasibility":[64],"inference":[67,101,122,158,189],"regarding":[68],"(resolution,":[70],"luminosity,":[71],"blurriness)":[73],"subject-based":[75,152],"features":[76,136],"(face":[77],"body":[79],"keypoints":[80],"confidence).":[81],"Using":[82],"three":[83],"state-of-the-art":[84],"datasets":[85],"(PETA,":[86],"PA-100K,":[87],"RAP)":[88],"five":[90],"Person":[91],"Attribute":[92],"Recognition":[93],"models,":[94],"correlate":[96],"feature":[97,153],"with":[99,161],"gender":[100,121,157],"accuracy":[102,159],"using":[103],"Shapley":[105],"value,":[106],"enabling":[107],"us":[108],"perceive":[110],"importance":[112],"each":[114],"image/subject-based":[115],"feature.":[116],"Furthermore,":[117],"analyze":[119],"face-based":[120,156],"assess":[124],"pose":[126,169],"effect":[127],"on":[128],"it.":[129],"Our":[130],"results":[131,179],"suggest":[132],"that:":[133],"1)":[134],"image-based":[135],"are":[137,180],"more":[138],"influential":[139],"for":[140,185],"low-quality":[141],"data;":[142],"2)":[143],"increase":[145],"quality":[148,163],"translates":[149],"into":[150],"higher":[151],"importance;":[154],"3)":[155],"correlates":[160],"increase;":[164],"4)":[166],"subjects\u2019":[167],"frontal":[168],"promotes":[170],"implicit":[172],"attention":[173],"towards":[174],"face.":[176],"The":[177],"reported":[178],"basis":[184],"subsequent":[186],"developments":[187],"approaches":[190],"uncontrolled":[192],"outdoor":[193],"environments,":[194],"which":[195],"typically":[196],"correspond":[197],"visual":[199],"surveillance":[200],"conditions.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}