{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197516073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","title":"Efficient Face Spoofing Detection With Flash","display_name":"Efficient Face Spoofing Detection With Flash","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197516073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","mag":"3197516073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/9631116/09419913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/9631116/09419913.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041006680","display_name":"Akinori F. Ebihara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-757X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akinori F. Ebihara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-757X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111368069","display_name":"K. Sakurai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuyuki Sakurai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028205677","display_name":"Hitoshi Imaoka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hitoshi Imaoka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3966,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81118805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"535","last_page":"549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.708289623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5933812856674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5699853897094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5184583067893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.47965267300605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.43443551659584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.4164702892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41465047001838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36930400133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.305096298456192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.21592336893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15280750393867493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11101022362709045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.708289623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5933812856674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5699853897094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5184583067893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47965267300605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.43443551659584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.4164702892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41465047001838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36930400133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.305096298456192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.21592336893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15280750393867493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11101022362709045}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/9631116/09419913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3076816","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/9631116/09419913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197516073.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197516073.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56743589","https://openalex.org/W1704933117","https://openalex.org/W1770095230","https://openalex.org/W1889383825","https://openalex.org/W1979339361","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W1983488873","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2012612618","https://openalex.org/W2013137720","https://openalex.org/W2063661788","https://openalex.org/W2086261219","https://openalex.org/W2125320497","https://openalex.org/W2136975665","https://openalex.org/W2140593870","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2159270577","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2183103970","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2318802957","https://openalex.org/W2329442555","https://openalex.org/W2493468541","https://openalex.org/W2511115389","https://openalex.org/W2728977829","https://openalex.org/W2762867765","https://openalex.org/W2778540638","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2790392345","https://openalex.org/W2797062860","https://openalex.org/W2886353803","https://openalex.org/W2907172176","https://openalex.org/W2917641056","https://openalex.org/W2927522063","https://openalex.org/W2946566846","https://openalex.org/W2956066883","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2963721962","https://openalex.org/W2964003763","https://openalex.org/W2978680233","https://openalex.org/W2990068819","https://openalex.org/W2992698063","https://openalex.org/W2998570087","https://openalex.org/W3014655692","https://openalex.org/W3014899294","https://openalex.org/W3015313050","https://openalex.org/W3016861918","https://openalex.org/W3024244610","https://openalex.org/W3034500918","https://openalex.org/W3034594921","https://openalex.org/W3035263140","https://openalex.org/W3035436173","https://openalex.org/W3035459165","https://openalex.org/W3036070786","https://openalex.org/W3045209015","https://openalex.org/W3046357449","https://openalex.org/W3086519949","https://openalex.org/W3092393585","https://openalex.org/W3094861582","https://openalex.org/W3096672325","https://openalex.org/W3103617265","https://openalex.org/W3107310566","https://openalex.org/W3108722472","https://openalex.org/W3109432287","https://openalex.org/W3116054336","https://openalex.org/W3120331994","https://openalex.org/W3121546192","https://openalex.org/W3127593363","https://openalex.org/W3127784515","https://openalex.org/W3130039244","https://openalex.org/W3133252738","https://openalex.org/W3159134072","https://openalex.org/W3175196926","https://openalex.org/W4205470728","https://openalex.org/W4241948780","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W6602288617","https://openalex.org/W6684314024","https://openalex.org/W6686299818","https://openalex.org/W6698183232","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6803376173","https://openalex.org/W6887490033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140593870","https://openalex.org/W1962124124","https://openalex.org/W2900020547","https://openalex.org/W3126377002","https://openalex.org/W2024320490","https://openalex.org/W2729608596","https://openalex.org/W1892374131","https://openalex.org/W4286506071","https://openalex.org/W2603510918","https://openalex.org/W3176957558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"light":[1],"of":[2,21,82,114,156,172,191,202],"the":[3,18,60,88,105,111,141,146,173,188,192],"rising":[4],"demand":[5],"for":[6,17,48,187],"biometric-authentication":[7],"systems,":[8],"preventing":[9],"face":[10,22,30,107],"spoofing":[11],"attacks":[12],"is":[13,76,176,196],"a":[14,42,71,93,115],"critical":[15],"issue":[16],"safe":[19,189],"deployment":[20,190],"recognition":[23],"systems.":[24],"Here,":[25],"we":[26],"propose":[27],"an":[28,129,157],"efficient":[29],"presentation":[31],"attack":[32],"detection":[33],"(PAD)":[34],"algorithm":[35,62,148,175],"that":[36,91,109,155],"requires":[37],"minimal":[38],"hardware":[39],"and":[40,69,100,132,143],"only":[41],"small":[43],"database,":[44],"making":[45],"it":[46],"suitable":[47],"resource-constrained":[49],"devices":[50],"such":[51],"as":[52],"mobile":[53],"phones.":[54],"Utilizing":[55],"one":[56],"monocular":[57],"visible-light":[58],"camera,":[59],"proposed":[61,147,174],"takes":[63],"two":[64,80],"facial":[65],"photos,":[66],"taken":[67],"with":[68,120],"without":[70],"flash,":[72],"respectively.":[73],"The":[74,170,194],"proposed$SpecDiff$descriptor":[75],"constructed":[77],"by":[78],"leveraging":[79],"types":[81],"reflection:":[83],"(i)":[84],"specular":[85],"reflections":[86,103],"from":[87,104],"iris":[89],"region":[90,108],"have":[92],"specific":[94],"intensity":[95],"distribution":[96],"depending":[97],"on":[98,127],"liveness,":[99],"(ii)":[101],"diffuse":[102],"entire":[106],"represents":[110],"3D":[112],"structure":[113],"subject\u2019s":[116],"face.":[117],"Classifiers":[118],"trained":[119],"the$SpecDiff$descriptor":[121],"outperform":[122],"other":[123],"flash-based":[124],"PAD":[125],"algorithms":[126],"both":[128],"in-house":[130,203],"database":[131,204],"four":[133],"publicly":[134,197],"available":[135,198,207],"databases:":[136],"NUAA,":[137],"Replay-Attack,":[138],"Spoofing":[139],"in":[140],"Wild,":[142],"OULU-NPU.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"achieves":[149],"statistically":[150],"significantly":[151],"better":[152],"accuracy":[153],"to":[154,184],"end-to-end,":[158],"deep":[159],"neural":[160],"network":[161],"classifier,":[162],"while":[163],"being":[164],"approximately":[165],"six-times":[166],"faster":[167],"execution":[168],"speed.":[169],"limitation":[171],"also":[177,206],"quantified":[178],"under":[179],"various":[180],"adversarial":[181],"lighting":[182],"conditions,":[183],"guide":[185],"users":[186],"algorithm.":[193],"code":[195],"athttps://github.com/Akinori-F-Ebihara/SpecDiff-spoofing-detector.":[199],"Example":[200],"images":[201],"are":[205],"athttps://github.com/Akinori-F-Ebihara/SpecDiff_in_house_database_sample.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
