{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130292685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3058562","title":"On Distinctiveness and Symmetry in Ear Biometrics","display_name":"On Distinctiveness and Symmetry in Ear Biometrics","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130292685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3058562","mag":"3130292685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3058562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3058562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101876996","display_name":"Di Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8700-1705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8700-1705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014438135","display_name":"Mark Nixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-5934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark S. Nixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-5934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086689025","display_name":"Sasan Mahmoodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2507-659X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasan Mahmoodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8495095,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"155","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7487570643424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetry","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","score":0.6405308842658997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-distinctiveness-theory","display_name":"Optimal distinctiveness theory","score":0.6015971899032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5375108122825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-ear","display_name":"Human ear","score":0.5314587354660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.5002624988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.49612435698509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.4564705789089203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39097508788108826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37939590215682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.36436158418655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3431893289089203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2297479510307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2194165289402008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18250077962875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.11817261576652527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7487570643424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6405308842658997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47385372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098943","display_name":"Optimal distinctiveness theory","level":2,"score":0.6015971899032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5375108122825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992441837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7362","display_name":"Human ear","level":2,"score":0.5314587354660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5002624988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.49612435698509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4564705789089203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39097508788108826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37939590215682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36436158418655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3431893289089203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2297479510307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2194165289402008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18250077962875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.11817261576652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3058562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2021.3058562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:446989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/446989/2/TBIOMPaper.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W177797125","https://openalex.org/W1527240141","https://openalex.org/W1808603090","https://openalex.org/W1918005971","https://openalex.org/W2031937816","https://openalex.org/W2062067995","https://openalex.org/W2062690810","https://openalex.org/W2077388752","https://openalex.org/W2090372777","https://openalex.org/W2095974005","https://openalex.org/W2100851713","https://openalex.org/W2101799416","https://openalex.org/W2153979357","https://openalex.org/W2157684450","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2170415971","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2477770127","https://openalex.org/W2551082533","https://openalex.org/W2726523436","https://openalex.org/W2730497260","https://openalex.org/W2745633969","https://openalex.org/W2777157629","https://openalex.org/W2789843747","https://openalex.org/W2881789322","https://openalex.org/W2886702909","https://openalex.org/W2890496367","https://openalex.org/W2891002949","https://openalex.org/W2899483951","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963049950","https://openalex.org/W2964119801","https://openalex.org/W2964247301","https://openalex.org/W2969729722","https://openalex.org/W2970254025","https://openalex.org/W3014602543","https://openalex.org/W3105744362","https://openalex.org/W6631618440","https://openalex.org/W6685088853","https://openalex.org/W6767059875","https://openalex.org/W6822381752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225552138","https://openalex.org/W3046185751","https://openalex.org/W2475308993","https://openalex.org/W2144047720","https://openalex.org/W2182988733","https://openalex.org/W2546658163","https://openalex.org/W3154193462","https://openalex.org/W2115566443","https://openalex.org/W2623805354","https://openalex.org/W3152701564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"works":[1],"show":[2,147,251],"that":[3,117,148,162,252,259,268],"human":[4,53],"ears":[5,221,231,266],"can":[6,126],"be":[7,128,271],"used":[8],"for":[9,204,273],"identification,":[10],"gender":[11,43,155],"classification,":[12],"and":[13,16,48,73,81,161,169,188,226,267],"kinship":[14],"verification":[15],"have":[17,32],"investigated":[18],"whether":[19,113],"there":[20,253,260],"is":[21,67,115,150,193,254],"a":[22,25,100,124,135,157,181,244,256,264],"symmetry":[23,30,51,242,262],"between":[24,243,263],"person's":[26,265],"ears;":[27],"however,":[28],"the":[29,40,61,86,97,105,109,154,163,185,194,208,223,227,239,279,284],"performances":[31],"been":[33],"less":[34],"than":[35,283],"satisfactory.":[36],"Our":[37],"paper":[38],"extends":[39],"analysis":[41,72,209],"of":[42,52,88,121,143,184,214,217,241],"classification":[44],"on":[45,79,141,278],"ear":[46,62,89,98,144,164,179,187,281],"images":[47,90],"analyses":[49],"bilateral":[50],"ears,":[54],"in":[55],"both":[56,220],"cases":[57],"aiming":[58],"to":[59,77,104,112,152,276],"determine":[60],"parts":[63],"from":[64,130,201,222,232],"which":[65,192,218],"recognition":[66,274],"derived.":[68],"We":[69,84,107,146],"use":[70],"model-based":[71],"deep":[74],"learning":[75],"methods":[76],"capitalize":[78],"structure":[80],"performance,":[82],"respectively.":[83],"consider":[85],"rotation":[87],"under":[91],"an":[92,119],"affine":[93],"transformation,":[94],"by":[95],"modelling":[96],"as":[99,111],"flat":[101],"plane":[102],"attached":[103],"head.":[106],"address":[108],"question":[110],"it":[114,149,269],"possible":[116,151],"given":[118],"image":[120],"one":[122,178,216],"ear,":[123],"person":[125],"then":[127],"recognized":[129],"their":[131],"other":[132,186,228],"ear.":[133,286],"Such":[134],"symmetry-based":[136],"strategy":[137],"could":[138],"reduce":[139],"constraints":[140],"applications":[142],"biometrics.":[145],"recognise":[153],"with":[156,180,197],"90.9%":[158],"success":[159],"rate":[160],"rim":[165],"(the":[166],"upper":[167],"helix":[168],"lobe)":[170],"dominates":[171],"performance.":[172],"To":[173,206],"investigate":[174],"symmetry,":[175],"we":[176,210,250],"compare":[177],"mirrored":[182],"version":[183],"achieve":[189],"93.1%":[190],"CCR,":[191],"current":[195],"state-of-the-art,":[196],"important":[198],"regions":[199],"different":[200,233],"those":[202],"determined":[203],"gender.":[205],"extend":[207],"construct":[211],"two":[212,230],"groups":[213],"images,":[215],"contains":[219,229],"same":[224],"subject":[225],"subjects.":[234],"The":[235],"100%":[236],"CCR":[237],"confirms":[238],"existence":[240],"subject's":[245],"ears.":[246],"By":[247],"these":[248],"approaches":[249],"actually":[255],"high":[257],"chance":[258],"exists":[261],"would":[270],"prudent":[272],"systems":[275],"concentrate":[277],"inner":[280],"rather":[282],"outer":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}