{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976439153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","title":"Detection of Face Morphing Attacks Based on PRNU Analysis","display_name":"Detection of Face Morphing Attacks Based on PRNU Analysis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976439153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","mag":"2976439153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8887428/08846232.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8887428/08846232.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058917746","display_name":"Ulrich Scherhag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-048X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Scherhag","raw_affiliation_strings":["da/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-048X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"da/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070047013","display_name":"Luca Debiasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-4713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Debiasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["WaveLab\u2014The Multimedia Signal Processing and Security Lab, Universit\u00e4t Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-4713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WaveLab\u2014The Multimedia Signal Processing and Security Lab, Universit\u00e4t Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087866084","display_name":"Christian Rathgeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-9468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Rathgeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["da/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"da/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017716310","display_name":"Christoph Busch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-2923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Busch","raw_affiliation_strings":["da/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-2923","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"da/sec\u2014Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062946437","display_name":"Andreas Uhl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5921-8755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Uhl","raw_affiliation_strings":["WaveLab\u2014The Multimedia Signal Processing and Security Lab, Universit\u00e4t Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WaveLab\u2014The Multimedia Signal Processing and Security Lab, Universit\u00e4t Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5621,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":123,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97531489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"302","last_page":"317"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.9844784736633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7790389657020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.689063549041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6869006752967834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6809374690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4803144335746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44481322169303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.355195015668869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.9844784736633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7790389657020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.689063549041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6869006752967834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6809374690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4803144335746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44481322169303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.355195015668869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8887428/08846232.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2942395","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8423754/8887428/08846232.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6652279030","display_name":"Computer Vision Enabled Multimedia Forensics and People Identification","funder_award_id":"690907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976439153.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976439153.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113578986","https://openalex.org/W1502160187","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1925047926","https://openalex.org/W1928872245","https://openalex.org/W1964981411","https://openalex.org/W1967792843","https://openalex.org/W1976230226","https://openalex.org/W1977863971","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W1997599449","https://openalex.org/W1999042027","https://openalex.org/W2009136431","https://openalex.org/W2010986468","https://openalex.org/W2013480973","https://openalex.org/W2037023837","https://openalex.org/W2038034392","https://openalex.org/W2038425697","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2048240304","https://openalex.org/W2048265462","https://openalex.org/W2055492845","https://openalex.org/W2060161750","https://openalex.org/W2069165391","https://openalex.org/W2081891982","https://openalex.org/W2086666872","https://openalex.org/W2095657345","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2114588272","https://openalex.org/W2115252128","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2123327173","https://openalex.org/W2124283009","https://openalex.org/W2124695272","https://openalex.org/W2129240197","https://openalex.org/W2129551701","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2140948049","https://openalex.org/W2142704643","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2168126647","https://openalex.org/W2201133991","https://openalex.org/W2208109665","https://openalex.org/W2271556243","https://openalex.org/W2296659146","https://openalex.org/W2313432364","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2350871683","https://openalex.org/W2471678645","https://openalex.org/W2476243349","https://openalex.org/W2513140567","https://openalex.org/W2516839483","https://openalex.org/W2539504333","https://openalex.org/W2556358661","https://openalex.org/W2564992459","https://openalex.org/W2599085778","https://openalex.org/W2617529796","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2618672278","https://openalex.org/W2735558707","https://openalex.org/W2736380805","https://openalex.org/W2737052227","https://openalex.org/W2737067721","https://openalex.org/W2738710800","https://openalex.org/W2738882920","https://openalex.org/W2759430372","https://openalex.org/W2783693055","https://openalex.org/W2787595978","https://openalex.org/W2787608161","https://openalex.org/W2808230651","https://openalex.org/W2809305540","https://openalex.org/W2810011391","https://openalex.org/W2810132135","https://openalex.org/W2810356827","https://openalex.org/W2810471549","https://openalex.org/W2810693788","https://openalex.org/W2811148665","https://openalex.org/W2887261163","https://openalex.org/W2896885681","https://openalex.org/W2902333160","https://openalex.org/W2902998115","https://openalex.org/W2903032423","https://openalex.org/W2903093267","https://openalex.org/W2912075784","https://openalex.org/W2912871064","https://openalex.org/W2913239513","https://openalex.org/W2940600395","https://openalex.org/W2940860112","https://openalex.org/W2964305647","https://openalex.org/W2966061738","https://openalex.org/W2966170908","https://openalex.org/W2986909762","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301599370","https://openalex.org/W6604626575","https://openalex.org/W6630005630","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6653677961","https://openalex.org/W6662241005","https://openalex.org/W6677618333","https://openalex.org/W6680591342","https://openalex.org/W6684434412","https://openalex.org/W6700903540","https://openalex.org/W6721025155","https://openalex.org/W6725923168","https://openalex.org/W6752385616","https://openalex.org/W6758675054","https://openalex.org/W6769590289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1679315481","https://openalex.org/W3151495635","https://openalex.org/W4385170164","https://openalex.org/W4236870338","https://openalex.org/W2016917053","https://openalex.org/W2347824352","https://openalex.org/W2112875849","https://openalex.org/W2384651879","https://openalex.org/W1497519648","https://openalex.org/W4311360467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1,34],"found":[2],"that":[3],"attacks":[4],"based":[5,93],"on":[6,72,94,253],"morphed":[7,127,183,208,263],"face":[8,19,30,78,184,209,264],"images,":[9],"i.e.,":[10],"morphing":[11,24,39,68,83,89,192,197,227,240],"attacks,":[12],"pose":[13],"a":[14,28,33,76,81,88,132,166,171,254],"severe":[15],"security":[16],"risk":[17],"to":[18,202,234],"recognition":[20],"systems.":[21],"A":[22],"reliable":[23],"attack":[25,69,90,198,241],"detection":[26,62,70,91],"from":[27,75,111],"single":[29,77,82],"image":[31,115,138,149,224],"remains":[32],"challenge":[35],"since":[36],"cameras":[37],"and":[38,66,107,126,165,173,182,207,226,246,258,262],"techniques":[40,228],"used":[41],"by":[42],"an":[43,157,212],"attacker":[44],"are":[45,54,117,129,153,186,229,251],"unknown":[46],"at":[47],"the":[48,95,136,162,218,244,249],"time":[49],"of":[50,97,120,161,176,215,248,256],"classification.":[51],"These":[52],"issues":[53],"commonly":[55],"overseen":[56],"while":[57],"many":[58],"researchers":[59],"report":[60],"encouraging":[61],"performance":[63],"for":[64,123,144],"training":[65],"testing":[67],"schemes":[71],"images":[73,128,185,210],"obtained":[74],"database":[79,139,164,168],"employing":[80,156,189],"algorithm.":[84],"In":[85,221],"this":[86],"work,":[87],"system":[92],"analysis":[96,146],"Photo":[98],"Response":[99],"Non-Uniformity":[100],"(PRNU)":[101],"is":[102,141,170,200,232],"presented.":[103],"More":[104],"specifically,":[105],"spatial":[106],"spectral":[108],"features":[109,122],"extracted":[110],"PRNU":[112,145],"patterns":[113],"across":[114],"cells":[116],"analyzed.":[118],"Differences":[119],"these":[121],"bona":[124,205,260],"fide":[125,181,206,261],"estimated":[130],"during":[131],"threshold-selection":[133],"stage":[134],"using":[135],"Dresden":[137],"which":[140,169],"specifically":[142],"built":[143],"in":[147,217],"digital":[148],"forensics.":[150],"Cross-database":[151],"evaluations":[152],"then":[154],"conducted":[155],"ICAO":[158],"compliant":[159],"subset":[160],"FRGCv2":[163,178],"Print-Scan":[167],"printed":[172,257],"scanned":[174,259],"version":[175],"said":[177],"subset.":[179],"Bona":[180],"automatically":[187],"generated":[188],"four":[190],"different":[191],"algorithms.":[193],"The":[194],"proposed":[195],"PRNU-based":[196],"detector":[199],"shown":[201,233],"robustly":[203],"distinguish":[204],"achieving":[211],"average":[213],"D-EER":[214],"11.2%":[216],"best":[219],"configuration.":[220],"scenarios":[222],"where":[223],"sources":[225],"unknown,":[230],"it":[231],"significantly":[235],"outperform":[236],"other":[237],"previously":[238],"established":[239],"detectors.":[242],"Finally,":[243],"limitations":[245],"potential":[247],"approach":[250],"demonstrated":[252],"dataset":[255],"images.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}