{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971696941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2939421","title":"Multispectral Deep Embeddings as a Countermeasure to Custom Silicone Mask Presentation Attacks","display_name":"Multispectral Deep Embeddings as a Countermeasure to Custom Silicone Mask Presentation Attacks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971696941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2939421","mag":"2971696941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2019.2939421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2939421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://publications.idiap.ch/downloads/papers/2019/Kotwal_TBIOM_2019.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076371381","display_name":"Ketan Kotwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-0881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901242617","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/050g10a24","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115238","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ketan Kotwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-0881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019800134","display_name":"Sushil Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-0791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901242617","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/050g10a24","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115238","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushil Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-0791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016330764","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Marcel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-9140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901242617","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/050g10a24","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115238","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastien Marcel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Security and Privacy Group, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430","https://openalex.org/I901242617"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9015544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"238","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8535361289978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7931106090545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6706341505050659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6109135150909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5909408330917358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5218490362167358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5160107612609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.48270320892333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicone","display_name":"Silicone","score":0.47195520997047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.46539270877838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4523547291755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3889051675796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1438138484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.13786211609840393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8535361289978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7931106090545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6706341505050659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6109135150909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5909408330917358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5218490362167358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5160107612609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.48270320892333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779769944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146439","display_name":"Silicone","level":2,"score":0.47195520997047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.46539270877838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4523547291755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3889051675796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1438138484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13786211609840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2019.2939421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2939421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:270132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/270132","pdf_url":"http://publications.idiap.ch/downloads/papers/2019/Kotwal_TBIOM_2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/270132","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:270132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/270132","pdf_url":"http://publications.idiap.ch/downloads/papers/2019/Kotwal_TBIOM_2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/270132","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971696941.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974441958","https://openalex.org/W2011016023","https://openalex.org/W2107227001","https://openalex.org/W2125320497","https://openalex.org/W2155858138","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2188556139","https://openalex.org/W2212660284","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2493468541","https://openalex.org/W2510926985","https://openalex.org/W2511115389","https://openalex.org/W2522438482","https://openalex.org/W2552267233","https://openalex.org/W2565867885","https://openalex.org/W2578178601","https://openalex.org/W2594656819","https://openalex.org/W2602244503","https://openalex.org/W2602887606","https://openalex.org/W2608997542","https://openalex.org/W2626352995","https://openalex.org/W2724592263","https://openalex.org/W2743050286","https://openalex.org/W2750305424","https://openalex.org/W2758873370","https://openalex.org/W2763783270","https://openalex.org/W2776778982","https://openalex.org/W2785945350","https://openalex.org/W2792196801","https://openalex.org/W2798097728","https://openalex.org/W2800327877","https://openalex.org/W2801012453","https://openalex.org/W2887396754","https://openalex.org/W2894833919","https://openalex.org/W2907757105","https://openalex.org/W2942059879","https://openalex.org/W2950044691","https://openalex.org/W2963460857","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W6683124652","https://openalex.org/W6684314024","https://openalex.org/W6687035863","https://openalex.org/W6688325169","https://openalex.org/W6700903540","https://openalex.org/W6736964806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318664220","https://openalex.org/W2771047279","https://openalex.org/W4388409104","https://openalex.org/W1544811710","https://openalex.org/W2124951708","https://openalex.org/W172072032","https://openalex.org/W2006066416","https://openalex.org/W3157073418","https://openalex.org/W2058127401","https://openalex.org/W2039041387"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,112],"work":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,27,81],"detecting":[4],"presentation":[5,49],"attacks":[6],"(PA)":[7],"mounted":[8],"using":[9,153],"custom":[10,56,67,150],"silicone":[11,57,151],"masks.":[12,29],"Face":[13],"recognition":[14],"(FR)":[15],"systems":[16],"have":[17],"been":[18],"shown":[19],"to":[20,24,135,147],"be":[21],"highly":[22],"vulnerable":[23],"PAs":[25],"based":[26],"such":[28],"Here":[30],"we":[31,70,142],"explore":[32],"the":[33,55,72,82,115,118,163,171,177],"use":[34,119],"of":[35,75,120,149],"multispectral":[36],"data":[37,122],"(color":[38],"imagery,":[39],"near":[40],"infrared":[41],"(NIR)":[42],"imagery":[43,88],"and":[44,183],"thermal":[45,87,96,107,121],"imagery)":[46],"for":[47,109,117,185,191],"face":[48],"attack":[50],"detection":[51],"(PAD),":[52],"specifically":[53],"against":[54],"mask":[58],"attacks.":[59,111],"Using":[60,169],"a":[61,144,154],"new":[62,145,181],"dataset":[63,182],"(XCSMAD)":[64],"representing":[65],"21":[66],"made":[68],"masks,":[69],"establish":[71],"baseline":[73,178],"performance":[74],"several":[76],"commonly":[77],"used":[78],"face-PAD":[79,103,139,148],"methods,":[80],"different":[83],"imaging":[84,97],"channels.":[85],"Considering":[86],"in":[89,102,123,138],"particular,":[90],"our":[91,186],"experiments":[92,187],"show":[93],"that":[94,128],"low-cost":[95],"devices":[98],"are":[99],"as":[100,104],"effective":[101],"more":[105],"expensive":[106],"cameras,":[108],"mask-based":[110],"result":[113],"reinforces":[114],"case":[116],"face-PAD.":[124],"We":[125],"also":[126],"demonstrate":[127],"fusing":[129],"information":[130],"from":[131],"multiple":[132],"channels":[133],"leads":[134],"significant":[136],"improvement":[137],"performance.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"propose":[143],"approach":[146,165],"masks":[152],"convolutional":[155],"neural":[156],"network":[157],"(CNN).":[158],"On":[159],"individual":[160],"spectral":[161],"channels,":[162],"proposed":[164,172],"achieves":[166],"state-of-the-art":[167],"results.":[168],"multispectral-fusion,":[170],"CNN-based":[173],"method":[174],"significantly":[175],"outperforms":[176],"methods.":[179],"The":[180],"source-code":[184],"is":[188],"freely":[189],"available":[190],"research":[192],"purposes.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}