{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886351700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2918307","title":"Continuous Authentication of Smartphones Based on Application Usage","display_name":"Continuous Authentication of Smartphones Based on Application Usage","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886351700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2918307","mag":"2886351700"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2019.2918307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2918307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076505389","display_name":"Upal Mahbub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1861-8031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Upal Mahbub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1861-8031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002650921","display_name":"Jukka Komulainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-7868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jukka Komulainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-7868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046354027","display_name":"Denzil Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2195-0449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denzil Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2195-0449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102762707","display_name":"Rama Chellappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-1650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rama Chellappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98597778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3","first_page":"165","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.852226972579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.664707362651825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5641817450523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5217017531394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.5101652145385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4963701367378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.45661136507987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4283186197280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24150127172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13852494955062866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.852226972579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.664707362651825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5641817450523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5217017531394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.5101652145385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4963701367378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.45661136507987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4283186197280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24150127172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13852494955062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbiom.2019.2918307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbiom.2019.2918307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209367","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science","issn_l":"2637-6407","issn":["2637-6407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2019082024779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2019082024779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1351531129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"313224-STOP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934920470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"645706-GRAGE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3929531080","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"304925-CARE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4763906670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"170117 KO","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322861","funder_display_name":"Emil Aaltosen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G545555270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"285459-iSCIENCE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8026143177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"286386-CPDSS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322861","display_name":"Emil Aaltosen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/005rt3g54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519268598","https://openalex.org/W1559675559","https://openalex.org/W1680400516","https://openalex.org/W1873414311","https://openalex.org/W1930853352","https://openalex.org/W1971329761","https://openalex.org/W1976081290","https://openalex.org/W1977774297","https://openalex.org/W2006976778","https://openalex.org/W2048214561","https://openalex.org/W2050557001","https://openalex.org/W2051210262","https://openalex.org/W2067481044","https://openalex.org/W2070561555","https://openalex.org/W2074406744","https://openalex.org/W2075743842","https://openalex.org/W2080547538","https://openalex.org/W2095284697","https://openalex.org/W2098617375","https://openalex.org/W2120761625","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2129793529","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2131976234","https://openalex.org/W2151854612","https://openalex.org/W2152047049","https://openalex.org/W2153152039","https://openalex.org/W2154298720","https://openalex.org/W2157245832","https://openalex.org/W2163582782","https://openalex.org/W2169082916","https://openalex.org/W2293043944","https://openalex.org/W2351971637","https://openalex.org/W2367822705","https://openalex.org/W2395408443","https://openalex.org/W2471556897","https://openalex.org/W2509009161","https://openalex.org/W2511316824","https://openalex.org/W2535614671","https://openalex.org/W2539476124","https://openalex.org/W2541387276","https://openalex.org/W2576937703","https://openalex.org/W2611107188","https://openalex.org/W2616905612","https://openalex.org/W2767040310","https://openalex.org/W2783908592","https://openalex.org/W2792471193","https://openalex.org/W2903467153","https://openalex.org/W2964240787","https://openalex.org/W3102945917","https://openalex.org/W3104897234","https://openalex.org/W3104966193","https://openalex.org/W6639159786","https://openalex.org/W6747500840","https://openalex.org/W6757313842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4230197055","https://openalex.org/W4296749040","https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W4245698648","https://openalex.org/W2405257913","https://openalex.org/W3133710586","https://openalex.org/W2125964738","https://openalex.org/W2098529290","https://openalex.org/W2026402306","https://openalex.org/W1485853333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"empirical":[1,80],"investigation":[2],"of":[3,20,29,46,51,82,85,145,169],"active/continuous":[4],"authentication":[5],"for":[6,36,104,111,149],"smartphones":[7],"is":[8,97,108,147,157],"presented":[9],"by":[10,23],"exploiting":[11],"users'":[12],"unique":[13],"application":[14,170],"usage":[15],"data,":[16,48],"i.e.,":[17,88],"distinct":[18,126],"patterns":[19],"use,":[21],"modeled":[22],"a":[24,100,139],"Markovian":[25],"process.":[26],"Specifically,":[27],"variations":[28],"hidden":[30],"Markov":[31],"models":[32],"(HMMs)":[33],"are":[34,61,132],"evaluated":[35],"continuous":[37],"user":[38,95],"verification,":[39],"and":[40,53,91,130,153],"challenges":[41],"due":[42],"to":[43,74,159,162],"the":[44,58,66,70,83,135,150,154],"sparsity":[45],"session-wise":[47],"an":[49,164],"explosion":[50],"states,":[52],"handling":[54],"unforeseen":[55,86,92,115],"events":[56,116],"in":[57],"test":[59],"data":[60],"tackled.":[62],"Unlike":[63],"traditional":[64],"approaches,":[65],"proposed":[67],"formulation":[68],"utilizes":[69],"complete":[71],"app-usage":[72],"information":[73],"achieve":[75],"low":[76,140],"latency.":[77],"Through":[78],"experimentation,":[79],"assessment":[81],"impact":[84],"events,":[87],"unknown":[89],"applications":[90],"observations,":[93],"on":[94,124],"verification":[96,113],"done":[98],"via":[99],"modified":[101],"edit-distance":[102],"algorithm":[103],"sequence":[105],"matching.":[106],"It":[107],"found":[109,158],"that":[110],"enhanced":[112],"performance,":[114],"should":[117],"be":[118,160],"considered.":[119],"For":[120],"validation,":[121],"extensive":[122],"experiments":[123],"two":[125],"datasets,":[127],"namely,":[128],"UMDAA-02":[129],"Securacy,":[131],"performed.":[133],"Using":[134],"marginally":[136],"smoothed":[137],"HMM":[138],"equal":[141],"error":[142],"rate":[143],"(EER)":[144],"16.16%":[146],"reached":[148],"Securacy":[151],"dataset":[152],"same":[155],"method":[156],"able":[161],"detect":[163],"intrusion":[165],"within":[166],"~2.5":[167],"min":[168],"use.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
