{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2950185713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2923243","title":"Beyond the Patchwise Classification: Spectral-Spatial Fully Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Beyond the Patchwise Classification: Spectral-Spatial Fully Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2950185713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2923243","mag":"2950185713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbdata.2019.2923243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2923243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2491400915","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","issn_l":"2332-7790","issn":["2332-7790","2372-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068885379","display_name":"Yonghao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060042752","display_name":"Bo Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-8458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-8458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673818","display_name":"Liangpei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.0481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":175,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98846853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"492","last_page":"506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8174800276756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8052045702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6819559931755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.64096599817276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5472518801689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5425089597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4964197278022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.49104833602905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4689825177192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4662061929702759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.44957953691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.44301745295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.28830230236053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.1702839434146881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8174800276756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8052045702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6819559931755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.64096599817276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5472518801689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5425089597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4964197278022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.49104833602905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4689825177192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4662061929702759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.44957953691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.44301745295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28830230236053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.1702839434146881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbdata.2019.2923243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2923243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2491400915","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","issn_l":"2332-7790","issn":["2332-7790","2372-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1787015647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41431175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3507083598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61822113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7545859506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41871243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7986140881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018CFA050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197865394","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1610060839","https://openalex.org/W1902936532","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2086866337","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2090424610","https://openalex.org/W2097900616","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2106777458","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2161943337","https://openalex.org/W2205224283","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2507855991","https://openalex.org/W2518815253","https://openalex.org/W2538244214","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2568998735","https://openalex.org/W2592737629","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2600061660","https://openalex.org/W2614326984","https://openalex.org/W2622999037","https://openalex.org/W2666784499","https://openalex.org/W2732412926","https://openalex.org/W2754507318","https://openalex.org/W2757094569","https://openalex.org/W2757208835","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2770168491","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2804458818","https://openalex.org/W2914429466","https://openalex.org/W2952793010","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W3101640299","https://openalex.org/W3103856189","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4251033893","https://openalex.org/W6676481782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W2027399350","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W4313263731","https://openalex.org/W3030544126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,43],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"patchwise":[3,63,192],"classification":[4,55],"methods":[5,30],"are":[6,37,83],"commonly":[7],"adopted":[8],"when":[9],"dealing":[10],"with":[11,56,62,137,186,191],"the":[12,22,26,65,70,78,86,112,115,119,147,151,160,165,179],"hyperspectral":[13],"image":[14],"(HSI)":[15],"classification.":[16],"Despite":[17],"their":[18],"promising":[19],"results":[20,185],"from":[21],"perspective":[23],"of":[24,28,121],"accuracy,":[25],"efficiency":[27],"these":[29],"can":[31,68,142,182],"hardly":[32],"be":[33,143],"ensured":[34],"since":[35],"there":[36],"redundant":[38],"computations":[39],"between":[40],"adjacent":[41],"patches.":[42],"this":[44,102],"paper,":[45],"we":[46,104,133],"propose":[47,105],"a":[48,106],"spectral-spatial":[49],"fully":[50,91],"convolutional":[51,92],"network":[52,148],"for":[53,98,128],"HSI":[54,174],"an":[57],"end-to-end,":[58],"pixel-to-pixel":[59],"architecture.":[60],"Compared":[61],"methods,":[64],"proposed":[66,180],"framework":[67,161],"avoid":[69],"patch":[71],"extraction":[72],"and":[73,123,131,167],"is":[74,94,157],"more":[75],"efficient.":[76],"Since":[77],"training":[79,87,116],"samples":[80],"in":[81,89,114],"HSIs":[82],"highly":[84],"sparse,":[85],"strategy":[88],"original":[90],"networks":[93],"no":[95],"longer":[96],"feasible":[97],"HSIs.":[99],"To":[100],"solve":[101],"problem,":[103],"novel":[107],"mask":[108],"matrix":[109],"to":[110,162],"assist":[111],"back-propagation":[113],"stage.":[117],"Considering":[118],"importance":[120],"spectral":[122],"spatial":[124],"features":[125,136],"may":[126],"vary":[127],"different":[129],"objects":[130],"scenes,":[132],"combine":[134],"both":[135],"two":[138],"weighting":[139],"factors":[140],"which":[141],"adaptively":[144],"learned":[145],"during":[146],"training.":[149],"Besides,":[150],"dense":[152],"conditional":[153],"random":[154],"field":[155],"(CRF)":[156],"introduced":[158],"into":[159],"further":[163],"balance":[164],"local":[166],"global":[168],"information.":[169],"Experiments":[170],"on":[171],"three":[172],"benchmark":[173],"data":[175],"sets":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"that":[178],"method":[181],"yield":[183],"competitive":[184],"less":[187],"time":[188],"costs":[189],"compared":[190],"methods.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
