{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946242656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2916868","title":"Algorithms of Unconstrained Non-Negative Latent Factor Analysis for Recommender Systems","display_name":"Algorithms of Unconstrained Non-Negative Latent Factor Analysis for Recommender Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946242656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2916868","mag":"2946242656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbdata.2019.2916868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2916868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2491400915","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","issn_l":"2332-7790","issn":["2332-7790","2372-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088955392","display_name":"Xin Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-5305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799850029","display_name":"Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01m8p7q42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Big Data Application for Smart Cities, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Big Data Application for Smart Cities, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081318069","display_name":"MengChu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-8752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MengChu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424064","display_name":"Shuai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-5289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, HK, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, HK, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602151","display_name":"Di Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-9202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010873564","display_name":"Zhigang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3669-3764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091667639","display_name":"Mingsheng Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7024-2270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingsheng Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088955392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799850029"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":162,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98827246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"227","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8368779420852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.6206846833229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.610730767250061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.554352879524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.5139696002006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4500298500061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.43981242179870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4173259735107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4131922423839569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4061117172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09534108638763428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8368779420852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.6206846833229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.610730767250061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.554352879524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5139696002006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4500298500061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.43981242179870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4173259735107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4131922423839569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4061117172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09534108638763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbdata.2019.2916868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2019.2916868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2491400915","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","issn_l":"2332-7790","issn":["2332-7790","2372-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5469466961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91646114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7259647986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0804002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7777850861","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772493","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331119053","https://openalex.org/W1246381107","https://openalex.org/W1479822238","https://openalex.org/W1492095519","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1846534543","https://openalex.org/W1863732927","https://openalex.org/W1902027874","https://openalex.org/W1961961749","https://openalex.org/W1967138577","https://openalex.org/W1969908854","https://openalex.org/W1971040550","https://openalex.org/W1971665536","https://openalex.org/W1980014655","https://openalex.org/W1980843902","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W1999047234","https://openalex.org/W2002011878","https://openalex.org/W2020488968","https://openalex.org/W2022042912","https://openalex.org/W2030239032","https://openalex.org/W2037547805","https://openalex.org/W2042281163","https://openalex.org/W2053795860","https://openalex.org/W2054141820","https://openalex.org/W2056398894","https://openalex.org/W2059745395","https://openalex.org/W2075337064","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2077724939","https://openalex.org/W2080943432","https://openalex.org/W2090068900","https://openalex.org/W2092602194","https://openalex.org/W2096602764","https://openalex.org/W2104185402","https://openalex.org/W2108630796","https://openalex.org/W2110096996","https://openalex.org/W2110325612","https://openalex.org/W2113802117","https://openalex.org/W2113971713","https://openalex.org/W2114379455","https://openalex.org/W2119523409","https://openalex.org/W2121281940","https://openalex.org/W2121499119","https://openalex.org/W2121860922","https://openalex.org/W2135598826","https://openalex.org/W2137245235","https://openalex.org/W2137269967","https://openalex.org/W2139276941","https://openalex.org/W2143995004","https://openalex.org/W2144487656","https://openalex.org/W2150832512","https://openalex.org/W2154987621","https://openalex.org/W2157519573","https://openalex.org/W2157881433","https://openalex.org/W2161077892","https://openalex.org/W2164278908","https://openalex.org/W2166717942","https://openalex.org/W2168103112","https://openalex.org/W2171960770","https://openalex.org/W2216541755","https://openalex.org/W2278138779","https://openalex.org/W2547802736","https://openalex.org/W2547860982","https://openalex.org/W2558662207","https://openalex.org/W2563738958","https://openalex.org/W2569091092","https://openalex.org/W2604493846","https://openalex.org/W2735318356","https://openalex.org/W2790597496","https://openalex.org/W2796394805","https://openalex.org/W2887183215","https://openalex.org/W2891516347","https://openalex.org/W2950332743","https://openalex.org/W3101457173","https://openalex.org/W3145128584","https://openalex.org/W4242209908","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6633774736","https://openalex.org/W6639038035","https://openalex.org/W6674458880","https://openalex.org/W6676522543","https://openalex.org/W6678159081","https://openalex.org/W6688639469","https://openalex.org/W7070499600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380150146","https://openalex.org/W3024870410","https://openalex.org/W2410652950","https://openalex.org/W4390273403","https://openalex.org/W4283773154","https://openalex.org/W4386781444","https://openalex.org/W3139174110","https://openalex.org/W4289597203","https://openalex.org/W2085630472","https://openalex.org/W2150182025"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-negativity":[0],"is":[1,29,105,156,164],"vital":[2],"for":[3,120,146,184],"a":[4,15,85,96,138],"latent":[5,57,193],"factor":[6,58,194],"(LF)-based":[7],"model":[8,104,140],"to":[9,53,77,107],"preserve":[10],"the":[11,70,74,78,102,109,172,188],"important":[12],"feature":[13],"of":[14,26,174,190],"high-dimensional":[16],"and":[17,81,149],"sparse":[18],"(HiDS)":[19],"matrix":[20],"in":[21,143],"recommender":[22,121],"systems,":[23],"i.e.,":[24],"none":[25],"its":[27,159],"entries":[28],"negative.":[30],"Current":[31],"non-negative":[32,56,136,192],"models":[33],"rely":[34],"on":[35,61,125,171,196],"constraints-combined":[36],"training":[37,48,161,169],"schemes.":[38,49],"However,":[39],"they":[40],"lack":[41],"flexibility,":[42],"scalability,":[43],"or":[44],"compatibility":[45],"with":[46,133,166,187],"general":[47,168],"This":[50],"work":[51],"aims":[52],"perform":[54],"unconstrained":[55,160],"analysis":[59,195],"(UNLFA)":[60],"HiDS":[62,128,197],"matrices.":[63,198],"To":[64],"do":[65],"so,":[66],"we":[67,90],"innovatively":[68],"transfer":[69],"non-negativity":[71,176],"constraints":[72],"from":[73],"decision":[75],"parameters":[76],"output":[79],"LFs,":[80],"connect":[82],"them":[83],"through":[84,158],"single-element-dependent":[86],"mapping":[87,97],"function.":[88],"Then":[89],"theoretically":[91],"prove":[92],"that":[93,131],"by":[94],"making":[95],"function":[98],"fulfill":[99],"specific":[100],"conditions,":[101],"resultant":[103],"able":[106],"represent":[108],"original":[110],"one":[111],"precisely.":[112],"We":[113],"subsequently":[114],"design":[115],"highly":[116,182],"efficient":[117],"UNLFA":[118,179],"algorithms":[119,180],"systems.":[122],"Experimental":[123],"results":[124],"four":[126,134],"industrial-size":[127],"matrices":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"compared":[132],"state-of-the-art":[135],"models,":[137],"UNLFA-based":[139],"obtains":[141],"advantage":[142],"prediction":[144],"accuracy":[145],"missing":[147],"data":[148],"computational":[150],"efficiency.":[151],"Moreover,":[152],"such":[153],"high":[154],"performance":[155],"achieved":[157],"process":[162],"which":[163],"compatible":[165],"various":[167],"schemes,":[170],"premise":[173],"fulfilling":[175],"constraints.":[177],"Hence,":[178],"are":[181],"valuable":[183],"industrial":[185],"applications":[186],"need":[189],"performing":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-01T08:55:55.761014","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
