{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387448986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3322901","title":"A Direct Current-Sensing VCO-Based 2nd-Order Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulator for Biosensor Readout Applications","display_name":"A Direct Current-Sensing VCO-Based 2nd-Order Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulator for Biosensor Readout Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387448986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3322901","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37812555"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3322901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3322901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015308343","display_name":"Shuenn-Yuh Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-1410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuenn-Yuh Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105520619","display_name":"Yi\u2010Ting Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9577-6189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ting Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057363495","display_name":"Hao-Yun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-6056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao-Yun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110950974","display_name":"Shih-Shuo Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8223-3157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Shuo Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072457956","display_name":"Ju\u2010Yi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-9978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158999","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04zx3rq17","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158999"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju-Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158999"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015308343"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3485,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79145158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"288","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.8508522510528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-sigma-modulation","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","score":0.709846019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrator","display_name":"Integrator","score":0.6930379271507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5940674543380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-number-of-bits","display_name":"Effective number of bits","score":0.5556460022926331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-shaping","display_name":"Noise shaping","score":0.5345809459686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.5126971006393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5048075914382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistor","display_name":"Resistor","score":0.4740692675113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.46435216069221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4599347412586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4217664897441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.41955995559692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.37776997685432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.35494494438171387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.8508522510528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68754193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184820","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","level":3,"score":0.709846019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79518650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081431","display_name":"Integrator","level":3,"score":0.6930379271507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5940674543380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16671190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505579","display_name":"Effective number of bits","level":3,"score":0.5556460022926331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9083635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133535","display_name":"Noise shaping","level":2,"score":0.5345809459686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.5126971006393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5048075914382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137488568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321","display_name":"Resistor","level":3,"score":0.4740692675113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.46435216069221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4599347412586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4217664897441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.41955995559692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.37776997685432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35494494438171387}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000669","descriptor_name":"Amplifiers, Electronic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000669","descriptor_name":"Amplifiers, Electronic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000669","descriptor_name":"Amplifiers, Electronic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000669","descriptor_name":"Amplifiers, Electronic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000703","descriptor_name":"Analog-Digital Conversion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000703","descriptor_name":"Analog-Digital Conversion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000703","descriptor_name":"Analog-Digital Conversion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000703","descriptor_name":"Analog-Digital Conversion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3322901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3322901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37812555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37812555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322108","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045075549","https://openalex.org/W2059987499","https://openalex.org/W2104527935","https://openalex.org/W2136562381","https://openalex.org/W2153293882","https://openalex.org/W2220266102","https://openalex.org/W2462819859","https://openalex.org/W2510757897","https://openalex.org/W2567171447","https://openalex.org/W2599597407","https://openalex.org/W2611346865","https://openalex.org/W2741721049","https://openalex.org/W2763169091","https://openalex.org/W2898272992","https://openalex.org/W2916345759","https://openalex.org/W2943018057","https://openalex.org/W2965438090","https://openalex.org/W2967572134","https://openalex.org/W2969335689","https://openalex.org/W2975995219","https://openalex.org/W2983362496","https://openalex.org/W3015359264","https://openalex.org/W3083204634","https://openalex.org/W3127442182","https://openalex.org/W3168746505","https://openalex.org/W4312038386","https://openalex.org/W4312362682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2421111280","https://openalex.org/W2601368767","https://openalex.org/W2170102475","https://openalex.org/W1517311599","https://openalex.org/W2108164987","https://openalex.org/W2154694501","https://openalex.org/W2129293548","https://openalex.org/W2087919622","https://openalex.org/W1580014081","https://openalex.org/W2168458874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"second-order":[1,50],"voltage-controlled":[2],"oscillator":[3],"(VCO)-based":[4],"continuous-time":[5],"sigma-delta":[6],"modulator":[7],"(CTSDM)":[8],"for":[9,106],"current-sensing":[10,126],"readout":[11,127],"applications":[12,128],"is":[13,53,100],"proposed.":[14],"Current":[15],"signals":[16],"from":[17],"the":[18,25,38,47,57,74,80,85,88,103,107,110,115,118,130],"sensor":[19],"can":[20,64,78,174],"directly":[21],"be":[22,65],"quantized":[23],"by":[24,68],"proposed":[26,136],"VCO-based":[27,137],"CTSDM,":[28],"which":[29,77,173],"does":[30],"not":[31],"require":[32],"any":[33],"extra":[34],"trans-impedance":[35],"amplifiers.":[36],"With":[37],"proportional-integral":[39],"(PI)":[40],"structure":[41,63],"and":[42,83,96,123,150,161],"a":[43,69,141,147,167,176],"VCO":[44],"phase":[45],"integrator,":[46],"capability":[48],"of":[49,87,109,117,132,154,170,179],"noise":[51],"shaping":[52],"available":[54],"to":[55,125],"reduce":[56,79],"in-band":[58],"quantization":[59],"noise.":[60],"The":[61,90,135],"PI":[62],"simply":[66],"realized":[67],"resistor":[70],"in":[71,129,140],"series":[72],"with":[73,94],"integrating":[75],"capacitor,":[76],"architecture":[81],"complexity":[82],"maintain":[84],"stability":[86],"system.":[89],"current-steering":[91],"digital-to-analog":[92],"converter":[93],"tail":[95],"sink":[97],"current":[98],"sources":[99],"used":[101],"on":[102],"feedback":[104],"path":[105],"subtraction":[108],"current-type":[111],"input":[112],"signal.":[113],"All":[114],"components":[116],"circuit":[119],"are":[120],"scaling":[121],"friendly":[122],"applicable":[124],"Internet":[131],"Things":[133],"(IoT).":[134],"CTSDM":[138],"implemented":[139],"0.18-\u03bcm":[142],"standard":[143],"CMOS":[144],"process":[145],"has":[146],"measured":[148],"signal-to-noise":[149],"distortion":[151],"ratio":[152],"(SNDR)":[153],"74.6":[155],"dB":[156],"at":[157],"10":[158],"kHz":[159],"bandwidth":[160],"consumes":[162],"44.8":[163],"\u03bcw":[164],"only":[165],"under":[166],"supply":[168],"voltage":[169],"1.2":[171],"V,":[172],"achieve":[175],"Figure-of-Merit":[177],"(FoM)":[178],"160.76":[180],"dB.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
