{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315489696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3235786","title":"A 2.2 nW Analog Electrocardiogram Processor Based on Stochastic Resonance Achieving a 99.94% QRS Complex Detection Sensitivity","display_name":"A 2.2 nW Analog Electrocardiogram Processor Based on Stochastic Resonance Achieving a 99.94% QRS Complex Detection Sensitivity","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315489696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3235786","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37018643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3235786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3235786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074293390","display_name":"Cihan Berk G\u00fcng\u00f6r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3278-3789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cihan Berk G\u00fcng\u00f6r","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044161396","display_name":"Patrick P. Mercier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick P. Mercier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052073777","display_name":"Hakan T\u00f6reyin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8126-3886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakan T\u00f6reyin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074293390"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001","https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79564025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"33","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11513","display_name":"stochastic dynamics and bifurcation","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5847934484481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.571212649345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qrs-complex","display_name":"QRS complex","score":0.542757511138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5338906645774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5029000639915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.45627182722091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45618027448654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4300428628921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-filter","display_name":"Digital filter","score":0.42920225858688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38081270456314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3340511918067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2441202700138092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1035548746585846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5847934484481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.571212649345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111773187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969239","display_name":"QRS complex","level":2,"score":0.542757511138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5338906645774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5029000639915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.45627182722091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45618027448654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4300428628921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36390408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163067","display_name":"Digital filter","level":3,"score":0.42920225858688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38081270456314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3340511918067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2441202700138092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1035548746585846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3235786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2023.3235786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37018643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37018643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3728968651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1916160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1264889757","https://openalex.org/W1511021988","https://openalex.org/W1605480097","https://openalex.org/W1942615418","https://openalex.org/W1986650185","https://openalex.org/W1997657967","https://openalex.org/W2010966890","https://openalex.org/W2027087041","https://openalex.org/W2033925496","https://openalex.org/W2046686554","https://openalex.org/W2054745124","https://openalex.org/W2060996293","https://openalex.org/W2080883481","https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2136293280","https://openalex.org/W2154924564","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2172107473","https://openalex.org/W2211705316","https://openalex.org/W2313797383","https://openalex.org/W2336039551","https://openalex.org/W2523933401","https://openalex.org/W2557502375","https://openalex.org/W2892639869","https://openalex.org/W2945136897","https://openalex.org/W2982369654","https://openalex.org/W2999930334","https://openalex.org/W3002528505","https://openalex.org/W3006839020","https://openalex.org/W3008072679","https://openalex.org/W3045935131","https://openalex.org/W3048722221","https://openalex.org/W3049350454","https://openalex.org/W3092085719","https://openalex.org/W3120644354","https://openalex.org/W3135861898","https://openalex.org/W3157210283","https://openalex.org/W3176690870","https://openalex.org/W3184312100","https://openalex.org/W3184443071","https://openalex.org/W3199569676","https://openalex.org/W4200422737","https://openalex.org/W4210714992","https://openalex.org/W4211019631","https://openalex.org/W4220781648","https://openalex.org/W4282939171","https://openalex.org/W4312288683","https://openalex.org/W4320406025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014521742","https://openalex.org/W2617868873","https://openalex.org/W3204141294","https://openalex.org/W4386230336","https://openalex.org/W4306968100","https://openalex.org/W2464627195","https://openalex.org/W2171986175","https://openalex.org/W2089791793","https://openalex.org/W2006467905","https://openalex.org/W2387393571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,112],"ultra-low":[4,127,186],"power":[5,128,187],"electrocardiogram":[6],"(ECG)":[7],"processor":[8,22,51,70,93,110,132,190],"that":[9,136,191],"can":[10],"detect":[11],"QRS-waves":[12,45,54],"in":[13,98],"real":[14],"time":[15],"as":[16],"the":[17,44,53,69,80,85,89,109,119,134,184],"data":[18],"streams":[19],"in.":[20],"The":[21,39,50,92,131,163],"performs":[23],"out-of-band":[24],"noise":[25,33],"suppression":[26,34],"via":[27,35],"a":[28,36,61,166,178],"linear":[29],"filter,":[30],"and":[31,57,67,96,123,146,171,188],"in-band":[32],"nonlinear":[37,40,90],"filter.":[38,91],"filter":[41],"also":[42],"enhances":[43],"by":[46,177],"facilitating":[47],"stochastic":[48,193],"resonance.":[49,194],"identifies":[52],"on":[55,160],"noise-suppressed":[56],"enhanced":[58],"recordings":[59,142],"using":[60],"constant":[62],"threshold":[63],"detector.":[64],"For":[65],"energy-efficiency":[66],"compactness,":[68],"exploits":[71],"current-mode":[72],"analog":[73],"signal":[74],"processing":[75],"techniques,":[76],"which":[77],"significantly":[78],"reduces":[79],"design":[81,164],"complexity":[82],"when":[83,175],"implementing":[84],"second-order":[86],"dynamics":[87],"of":[88,106,143,168],"is":[94,133,137],"designed":[95],"implemented":[97],"TSMC":[99],"65":[100],"nm":[101],"CMOS":[102],"technology.":[103],"In":[104],"terms":[105],"detection":[107,153],"performance,":[108],"achieves":[111,151],"average":[113],"${\\bm{F}}1":[114],"=":[115],"99.88{\\bm{\\%":[116],"}}$":[117],"over":[118],"MIT-BIH":[120,144],"Arrhythmia":[121],"database":[122],"outperforms":[124],"all":[125],"previous":[126],"ECG":[129,141],"processors.":[130],"first":[135,185],"validated":[138],"against":[139],"noisy":[140],"NST":[145],"TELE":[147],"databases,":[148],"where":[149],"it":[150,183],"better":[152],"performances":[154],"than":[155],"most":[156],"digital":[157,161],"algorithms":[158],"run":[159],"platforms.":[162],"has":[165],"footprint":[167],"0.08":[169],"mm<sup>2</sup>":[170],"dissipates":[172],"2.2":[173],"nW":[174],"supplied":[176],"single":[179],"1V":[180],"supply,":[181],"making":[182],"real-time":[189],"facilitates":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}