{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283788619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3187944","title":"A Highly Energy-Efficient Hyperdimensional Computing Processor for Biosignal Classification","display_name":"A Highly Energy-Efficient Hyperdimensional Computing Processor for Biosignal Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283788619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3187944","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35776812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3187944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3187944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085020511","display_name":"Alisha Menon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8483-1810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alisha Menon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8483-1810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101454982","display_name":"Daniel Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-1472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055611773","display_name":"Sarina Sabouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7179-6219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarina Sabouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7179-6219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041425645","display_name":"Kyoungtae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-1415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyoungtae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-1415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083965067","display_name":"Melvin Aristio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melvin Aristio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045252697","display_name":"Harrison Liew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-3951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harrison Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-3951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088933304","display_name":"Jan M. Rabaey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-4855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan M. Rabaey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-4855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085020511"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80206524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"524","last_page":"534"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biosignal","display_name":"Biosignal","score":0.7248352766036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.619421124458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4584043622016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3689288794994354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.35740041732788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3453868329524994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23869934678077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22297197580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2103790044784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.16006514430046082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644240","display_name":"Biosignal","level":3,"score":0.7248352766036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.619421124458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4584043622016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3689288794994354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.35740041732788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3453868329524994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23869934678077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22297197580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2103790044784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.16006514430046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3187944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3187944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35776812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35776812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070862086","https://openalex.org/W2165857685","https://openalex.org/W2731964405","https://openalex.org/W2736172195","https://openalex.org/W2736674034","https://openalex.org/W2791598392","https://openalex.org/W2799023159","https://openalex.org/W2804419299","https://openalex.org/W2806033632","https://openalex.org/W2899212146","https://openalex.org/W2910334812","https://openalex.org/W2943643445","https://openalex.org/W2945616044","https://openalex.org/W2964092203","https://openalex.org/W2967927776","https://openalex.org/W2990491261","https://openalex.org/W2999905884","https://openalex.org/W3016115117","https://openalex.org/W3032819016","https://openalex.org/W3041683005","https://openalex.org/W3117080414","https://openalex.org/W3135060602","https://openalex.org/W3143919782","https://openalex.org/W3171487449","https://openalex.org/W3184291169","https://openalex.org/W3190134129","https://openalex.org/W3210830221","https://openalex.org/W4200549785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214581441","https://openalex.org/W2053762217","https://openalex.org/W2494432015","https://openalex.org/W2114479223","https://openalex.org/W2134572333","https://openalex.org/W2531028440","https://openalex.org/W2150501849","https://openalex.org/W1968240874","https://openalex.org/W2080835026","https://openalex.org/W2779694590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperdimensional":[0],"computing":[1,6],"(HDC)":[2],"is":[3,32,52,68,129,139],"a":[4,55,97,116],"brain-inspired":[5],"paradigm":[7,154],"that":[8],"operates":[9],"on":[10,83],"pseudo-random":[11],"hypervectors":[12],"to":[13,151],"perform":[14],"high-accuracy":[15],"classifications":[16],"for":[17,27,59,75,134,149,157],"biomedical":[18],"applications.":[19],"The":[20,63,91],"energy":[21,99],"efficiency":[22,100],"of":[23,45,65,155],"prior":[24],"HDC":[25,108,138],"processors":[26],"this":[28,66,132],"computationally":[29],"minimal":[30],"algorithm":[31],"dominated":[33],"by":[34],"costly":[35],"hypervector":[36,61],"memory":[37,51],"storage,":[38],"which":[39],"grows":[40],"linearly":[41],"with":[42,54,72,88],"the":[43,50,106,113,135,144,147,153],"number":[44],"sensors.":[46],"To":[47],"address":[48],"this,":[49],"replaced":[53],"light-weight":[56],"cellular":[57],"automaton":[58],"on-the-fly":[60],"generation.":[62],"use":[64],"technique":[67],"explored":[69],"in":[70,80,131],"conjunction":[71],"vector":[73,125],"folding":[74],"various":[76],"real-time":[77],"classification":[78],"latencies":[79],"post-layout":[81],"simulation":[82],"an":[84],"emotion":[85],"recognition":[86],"dataset":[87],"200":[89],"channels.":[90],"proposed":[92],"architecture":[93,114],"achieves":[94,115],"39.1":[95],"nJ/prediction;":[96],"4.9\u00d7":[98],"improvement,":[101,118],"9.5\u00d7":[102,140],"per":[103,120],"channel,":[104],"over":[105],"state-of-the-art":[107],"processor.":[109],"At":[110],"maximum":[111],"throughput,":[112],"10.7\u00d7":[117],"33.5\u00d7":[119],"channel.":[121],"An":[122],"optimized":[123],"support":[124],"machine":[126],"(SVM)":[127],"processor":[128],"designed":[130],"work":[133],"same":[136],"use-case.":[137],"more":[141],"energy-efficient":[142],"than":[143],"SVM,":[145],"paving":[146],"way":[148],"it":[150],"become":[152],"choice":[156],"high-accuracy,":[158],"on-board":[159],"biosignal":[160],"classification.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T08:23:43.765630","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
