{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226320312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3165186","title":"Optics-Free Chip-Scale Intraoperative Imaging Using NIR-Excited Upconverting Nanoparticles","display_name":"Optics-Free Chip-Scale Intraoperative Imaging Using NIR-Excited Upconverting Nanoparticles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226320312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3165186","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3165186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3165186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1961813","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hossein Najafiaghdam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3140-0712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Najafiaghdam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3140-0712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cassio C.S. Pedroso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cassio C.S. Pedroso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bruce E. Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3655-3638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce E. Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Foundry and the Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3655-3638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Foundry and the Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mekhail Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-2594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mekhail Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-2594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0923,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38619492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"312","last_page":"323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.30720001459121704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.30720001459121704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.16210000216960907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.0794999971985817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6294999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlated-double-sampling","display_name":"Correlated double sampling","score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flicker-noise","display_name":"Flicker noise","score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dot-pitch","display_name":"Dot pitch","score":0.3702000081539154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6886000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6294999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118277053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172837","display_name":"Correlated double sampling","level":4,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113873419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1410810","display_name":"Flicker noise","level":5,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179813606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032861","display_name":"Dot pitch","level":3,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96566525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805282","display_name":"Time delay and integration","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35772409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323086","display_name":"Image noise","level":3,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187612029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083130","display_name":"Noise floor","level":4,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152213855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189880","display_name":"Charge-coupled device","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456322","display_name":"Fixed-pattern noise","level":3,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012825","descriptor_name":"Silicon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012825","descriptor_name":"Silicon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012825","descriptor_name":"Silicon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053758","descriptor_name":"Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053758","descriptor_name":"Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053758","descriptor_name":"Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055095","descriptor_name":"Optics and Photonics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055095","descriptor_name":"Optics and Photonics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055095","descriptor_name":"Optics and Photonics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3165186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2022.3165186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35385388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1961813","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1961813","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1961813","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt80f7m0b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80f7m0b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol 16, iss 2","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9199368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9199368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1961813","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1961813","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1961813","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286236842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286251239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1911312644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21EB027238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G237429762","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338483","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2776628454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2810384502","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338483","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3083819904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3944918260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4501827968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4565140552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498139845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5312813621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338483","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6348972864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6558272803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7538560101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8343461605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP2DE030713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8431251193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969889393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332179","display_name":"Office of the Director","ror":"https://ror.org/04nseet23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337365","display_name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/004a2wv92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05mg91w61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338483","display_name":"Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226320312.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486131515","https://openalex.org/W1997534418","https://openalex.org/W2006953244","https://openalex.org/W2010643050","https://openalex.org/W2030749608","https://openalex.org/W2085446806","https://openalex.org/W2120878685","https://openalex.org/W2124458226","https://openalex.org/W2125261494","https://openalex.org/W2129283062","https://openalex.org/W2158904135","https://openalex.org/W2164480173","https://openalex.org/W2289433999","https://openalex.org/W2603868227","https://openalex.org/W2738867549","https://openalex.org/W2744902176","https://openalex.org/W2767779760","https://openalex.org/W2887155716","https://openalex.org/W2909698338","https://openalex.org/W2911151360","https://openalex.org/W2930354284","https://openalex.org/W2981690322","https://openalex.org/W2982597893","https://openalex.org/W2995044088","https://openalex.org/W3007320048","https://openalex.org/W3041800597","https://openalex.org/W3088161942","https://openalex.org/W3090089905","https://openalex.org/W3165174558"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,167],"present":[1],"an":[2,110,187],"optics-free":[3],"CMOS":[4],"image":[5,20],"sensor":[6,61],"that":[7],"incorporates":[8],"a":[9,44,53,57,119,125],"novel":[10],"time-gated":[11],"dual-photodiode":[12,58],"pixel":[13,146],"design":[14],"to":[15,64,79,138,155,214,219],"allow":[16],"filter-":[17],"and":[18,56,75,116,133,142,161,185,209,226],"lens-less":[19],"acquisition":[21],"of":[22,34,68,70,87,99,171,189],"near-infrared-excited":[23],"(NIR-excited)":[24],"upconverting":[25,177],"nanoparticles.":[26],"Recent":[27],"biomedical":[28],"advances":[29],"have":[30],"highlighted":[31],"the":[32,66,103,165,169],"benefits":[33],"NIR":[35,38,71,194],"excitation,":[36],"but":[37],"interaction":[39],"with":[40,47,93,223],"silicon":[41],"has":[42,106],"remained":[43],"challenge,":[45],"even":[46],"high-performance":[48],"optical":[49,95],"blocking":[50],"filters.":[51],"Using":[52],"secondary":[54],"diode":[55,104],"design,":[59],"this":[60,172],"is":[62],"able":[63],"remove":[65,156],"100s":[67],"mV":[69,81,89],"background":[72,100,195],"on":[73,179],"pixels":[74],"bring":[76],"it":[77,218],"down":[78,213],"single-digit":[80],"level,":[82],"nearing":[83],"its":[84],"noise":[85,160],"floor":[86],"2.2":[88],"rms,":[90],"not":[91],"achievable":[92],"any":[94],"filter.":[96],"Non-linear":[97],"effects":[98],"cancellation":[101],"using":[102,109,174],"pair":[105],"been":[107],"mitigated":[108],"initial":[111],"one-time":[112],"pixel-level":[113],"curve":[114],"fitting":[115],"calibration":[117],"in":[118,164],"post-processing":[120],"setting.":[121],"This":[122,199],"imager":[123,173],"comprises":[124],"highly":[126],"linear":[127],"11":[128],"fF":[129],"metal-oxide-metal":[130],"(MOM)":[131],"capacitor":[132],"includes":[134,148],"integrated":[135],"angle-selective":[136],"gratings":[137],"reject":[139],"oblique":[140],"light":[141],"enhance":[143],"sharpness.":[144],"Each":[145],"also":[147],"two":[149],"distinct":[150],"correlated":[151],"double":[152],"sampling":[153],"schemes,":[154],"low":[157],"frequency":[158],"flicker":[159],"systematic":[162],"offset":[163],"datapath.":[166],"demonstrate":[168],"performance":[170],"pulsed":[175],"NIR-excited":[176],"nanoparticles":[178],"standard":[180],"United-States-Air-Force":[181],"(USAF)":[182],"resolution":[183],"targets":[184],"achieve":[186],"SNR":[188],"15":[190],"dB,":[191],"while":[192,228],"keeping":[193],"below":[196],"6":[197],"mV.":[198],"36-by-80-pixel":[200],"array":[201],"measures":[202],"only":[203],"2.3":[204],"mm":[205,208],"by":[206],"4.8":[207],"can":[210],"be":[211],"thinned":[212],"25":[215],"\u00b5m,":[216],"allowing":[217],"become":[220],"surgically":[221],"compatible":[222],"intraoperative":[224],"instruments":[225],"equipment,":[227],"remaining":[229],"optics-free.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}