{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011580194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2021.3089622","title":"A Neuromorphic Proto-Object Based Dynamic Visual Saliency Model With a Hybrid FPGA Implementation","display_name":"A Neuromorphic Proto-Object Based Dynamic Visual Saliency Model With a Hybrid FPGA Implementation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011580194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2021.3089622","mag":"3011580194","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34133287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3089622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2021.3089622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.11898","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060717462","display_name":"Jamal Lottier Molin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-5169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Molin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-5169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085211717","display_name":"Chetan Singh Thakur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chetan Thakur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-6214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016761623","display_name":"Ernst Niebur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2815-9262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernst Niebur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037936459","display_name":"Ralph Etienne\u2010Cummings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4445-973X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph Etienne-Cummings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4445-973X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76597975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"580","last_page":"594"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10971","display_name":"Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9551230669021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7677896618843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6861376166343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6291455626487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5842623710632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4692644476890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.372123658657074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3582598567008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3359962999820709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33408665657043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2476930320262909}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9551230669021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7677896618843079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6861376166343689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6291455626487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5842623710632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4692644476890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.372123658657074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3582598567008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3359962999820709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33408665657043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2476930320262909}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3089622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2021.3089622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34133287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34133287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.iisc.ac.in:69902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401429","display_name":"ePrints@IISc (Indian Institute of Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","host_organization_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.11898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11898","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.11898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8407057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8407057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.11898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11898","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.11898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2208626337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 EY027544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7173791406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01EY027544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306080","funder_display_name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7934873576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01EY027544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306080","display_name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00k86s890"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83359872","https://openalex.org/W1473786217","https://openalex.org/W1497599070","https://openalex.org/W1784695092","https://openalex.org/W1970342316","https://openalex.org/W1985904252","https://openalex.org/W1988322852","https://openalex.org/W1992505533","https://openalex.org/W1995920481","https://openalex.org/W1996249409","https://openalex.org/W1996326832","https://openalex.org/W2002943515","https://openalex.org/W2003091086","https://openalex.org/W2005825070","https://openalex.org/W2006902234","https://openalex.org/W2015854457","https://openalex.org/W2018977296","https://openalex.org/W2019299491","https://openalex.org/W2019966409","https://openalex.org/W2034436892","https://openalex.org/W2036691646","https://openalex.org/W2039546655","https://openalex.org/W2040253108","https://openalex.org/W2046863527","https://openalex.org/W2049389369","https://openalex.org/W2053664690","https://openalex.org/W2055111849","https://openalex.org/W2074295319","https://openalex.org/W2082917491","https://openalex.org/W2086335348","https://openalex.org/W2087690369","https://openalex.org/W2091344378","https://openalex.org/W2096028757","https://openalex.org/W2098702446","https://openalex.org/W2099877335","https://openalex.org/W2109584604","https://openalex.org/W2110587186","https://openalex.org/W2117686553","https://openalex.org/W2117941326","https://openalex.org/W2118985252","https://openalex.org/W2120889539","https://openalex.org/W2122710056","https://openalex.org/W2123335490","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2130967830","https://openalex.org/W2135957164","https://openalex.org/W2138608979","https://openalex.org/W2140446269","https://openalex.org/W2147395808","https://openalex.org/W2149095485","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2152483597","https://openalex.org/W2155261010","https://openalex.org/W2157749802","https://openalex.org/W2160903697","https://openalex.org/W2164589001","https://openalex.org/W2167395617","https://openalex.org/W2170610624","https://openalex.org/W2171590216","https://openalex.org/W2171833614","https://openalex.org/W2270657321","https://openalex.org/W2285469407","https://openalex.org/W2378845821","https://openalex.org/W2415535521","https://openalex.org/W2465676167","https://openalex.org/W2542028630","https://openalex.org/W2557536990","https://openalex.org/W2583383421","https://openalex.org/W2587923919","https://openalex.org/W2757075404","https://openalex.org/W2766314245","https://openalex.org/W2770171510","https://openalex.org/W2810861508","https://openalex.org/W2921629193","https://openalex.org/W2962965915","https://openalex.org/W2963503775","https://openalex.org/W2963581854","https://openalex.org/W2964010909","https://openalex.org/W2969674842","https://openalex.org/W2981462961","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3041148953","https://openalex.org/W3089234245","https://openalex.org/W4252006916","https://openalex.org/W4256003687","https://openalex.org/W4288796004","https://openalex.org/W6629672220","https://openalex.org/W6680437723","https://openalex.org/W6781016291","https://openalex.org/W6939431163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396891704","https://openalex.org/W2951049725","https://openalex.org/W4285308918","https://openalex.org/W4387459935","https://openalex.org/W3015991694","https://openalex.org/W2908450434","https://openalex.org/W3193008624","https://openalex.org/W4382561696","https://openalex.org/W2581119583","https://openalex.org/W2895519962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computing":[0],"and":[1,13,20,31,35,78],"attending":[2],"to":[3,44,158],"salient":[4,45],"regions":[5,46],"of":[6,47,83,117,124,151],"a":[7,69,113,134,140],"visual":[8,25,49,98],"scene":[9],"is":[10,64,75],"an":[11],"innate":[12],"necessary":[14],"preprocessing":[15],"step":[16],"for":[17,120],"both":[18],"biological":[19],"engineered":[21,62],"systems":[22,63],"performing":[23],"high-level":[24],"tasks":[26],"including":[27],"object":[28],"detection,":[29],"tracking,":[30],"classification.":[32],"Computational":[33],"bandwidth":[34],"speed":[36],"are":[37],"improved":[38],"by":[39],"preferentially":[40],"devoting":[41],"computational":[42],"resources":[43],"the":[48,81,118,144,152,159],"field.":[50],"The":[51],"human":[52,103],"brain":[53],"computes":[54],"saliency":[55,72,99],"effortlessly,":[56],"but":[57],"modeling":[58],"this":[59],"task":[60],"in":[61,101],"challenging.":[65],"We":[66],"first":[67],"present":[68,112],"neuromorphic":[70,93],"dynamic":[71,97],"model,":[73],"which":[74],"bottom-up,":[76],"feed-forward,":[77],"based":[79],"on":[80],"notion":[82],"proto-objects":[84],"with":[85],"neurophysiological":[86],"spatio-temporal":[87],"features":[88],"requiring":[89],"no":[90],"training.":[91],"Our":[92],"model":[94,119,150],"outperforms":[95],"state-of-the-art":[96],"models":[100],"predicting":[102],"eye":[104],"fixations":[105],"(i.e.,":[106],"ground":[107],"truth":[108],"saliency).":[109],"Secondly,":[110],"we":[111],"hybrid":[114],"FPGA":[115,153],"implementation":[116,154],"real-time":[121],"applications,":[122],"capable":[123],"processing":[125],"112\u00d784":[126],"resolution":[127],"frames":[128],"at":[129,133],"18.71":[130],"Hz":[131],"running":[132],"100":[135],"MHz":[136],"clock":[137],"rate":[138],"-":[139],"23.77\u00d7":[141],"speedup":[142],"from":[143],"software":[145,160],"implementation.":[146,161],"Additionally,":[147],"our":[148],"fixed-point":[149],"yields":[155],"comparable":[156],"results":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}