{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3101045802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038046","title":"A 280 \u03bcW, 108 dB DR PPG-Readout IC With Reconfigurable, 2nd-Order, Incremental \u0394\u03a3M Front-End for Direct Light-to-Digital Conversion","display_name":"A 280 \u03bcW, 108 dB DR PPG-Readout IC With Reconfigurable, 2nd-Order, Incremental \u0394\u03a3M Front-End for Direct Light-to-Digital Conversion","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3101045802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038046","mag":"3101045802","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33186120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083695378","display_name":"Fatemeh Marefat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6073-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Marefat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6073-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015388305","display_name":"Reza Erfani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Erfani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-1478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013873685","display_name":"Kevin L. Kilgore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2642-9855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299218025","display_name":"MetroHealth","ror":"https://ror.org/0377srw41","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299218025"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin L. Kilgore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2642-9855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299218025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024009232","display_name":"Pedram Mohseni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2849-4677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedram Mohseni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2849-4677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73035193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"1183","last_page":"1194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6214825510978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodiode","display_name":"Photodiode","score":0.5897601842880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.5847644805908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.5707225203514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5410619378089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.5031823515892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.4916687607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.44456946849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.4426908493041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processor","display_name":"Digital signal processor","score":0.43453019857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.42825794219970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4220660924911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.40896075963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30851852893829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3012038469314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2700813114643097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19603797793388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19448041915893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1848943829536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.12619924545288086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6214825510978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.5897601842880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.5847644805908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.5707225203514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5410619378089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.5031823515892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4916687607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.44456946849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.4426908493041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161611012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106370","display_name":"Digital signal processor","level":3,"score":0.43453019857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.42825794219970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4220660924911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.40896075963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30851852893829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3012038469314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2700813114643097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19603797793388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19448041915893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1848943829536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.12619924545288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005385","descriptor_name":"Fingers","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005385","descriptor_name":"Fingers","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005385","descriptor_name":"Fingers","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2020.3038046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33186120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33186120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7972211995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"598202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308297","funder_display_name":"Craig H. Neilsen Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308297","display_name":"Craig H. Neilsen Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00k0a6x92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W245245344","https://openalex.org/W1559167797","https://openalex.org/W1582910515","https://openalex.org/W1897659789","https://openalex.org/W1963522855","https://openalex.org/W1987531609","https://openalex.org/W2048375142","https://openalex.org/W2090710454","https://openalex.org/W2095432241","https://openalex.org/W2109252375","https://openalex.org/W2141508820","https://openalex.org/W2288945889","https://openalex.org/W2410319444","https://openalex.org/W2536127515","https://openalex.org/W2573720242","https://openalex.org/W2582104782","https://openalex.org/W2769693316","https://openalex.org/W2796075095","https://openalex.org/W2886149027","https://openalex.org/W2909639312","https://openalex.org/W2971855146","https://openalex.org/W2977570393","https://openalex.org/W2977718165","https://openalex.org/W2990419606","https://openalex.org/W2999318890","https://openalex.org/W3011056083","https://openalex.org/W3015426613","https://openalex.org/W3034951864"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W2053377655","https://openalex.org/W1968212605","https://openalex.org/W2025249826","https://openalex.org/W2065223761","https://openalex.org/W1983441360","https://openalex.org/W2158002277","https://openalex.org/W2788076043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"on":[3,116],"a":[4,20,30,34,107,141,169],"low-power":[5],"readout":[6],"IC":[7],"(ROIC)":[8],"for":[9,79,88],"high-fidelity":[10,162],"recording":[11,89,163],"of":[12,68,75,83,90,111,145,155,164,176,184],"the":[13,61,69,76,84,91,103,124,156,165,174],"photoplethysmogram":[14],"(PPG)":[15],"signal.":[16,95],"The":[17,49,152],"system":[18],"comprises":[19],"highly":[21],"reconfigurable,":[22],"continuous-time,":[23],"second-order,":[24],"incremental":[25],"delta-sigma":[26],"modulator":[27],"(I-\u0394\u03a3M)":[28],"as":[29],"light-to-digital":[31],"converter":[32],"(LDC),":[33],"2-channel":[35],"10b":[36],"light-emitting":[37],"diode":[38],"(LED)":[39],"driver,":[40],"and":[41,71,114,126,148,180],"an":[42],"integrated":[43],"digital":[44,58],"signal":[45,167],"processing":[46],"(DSP)":[47],"unit.":[48],"LDC":[50,125],"operation":[51],"in":[52,97,123,132,173],"intermittent":[53],"conversion":[54],"phases":[55],"coupled":[56],"with":[57],"assistance":[59],"by":[60,161],"DSP":[62],"unit":[63],"allow":[64],"signal-aware,":[65],"on-the-fly":[66],"cancellation":[67],"dc":[70],"ambient":[72],"light-induced":[73],"components":[74],"photodiode":[77],"current":[78],"more":[80],"efficient":[81],"use":[82],"full-scale":[85],"input":[86],"range":[87,110],"small-amplitude,":[92],"ac,":[93],"PPG":[94,104,166],"Fabricated":[96],"TSMC":[98],"0.18":[99],"\u03bcm":[100],"1P/6M":[101],"CMOS,":[102],"ROIC":[105,157],"exhibits":[106],"high":[108],"dynamic":[109],"108.2":[112],"dB":[113],"dissipates":[115],"average":[117],"15.7":[118],"\u03bcW":[119,128],"from":[120,129,168],"1.5":[121],"V":[122,131],"264":[127],"2.5":[130],"one":[133],"LED":[134],"(and":[135],"its":[136],"driver),":[137],"while":[138],"operating":[139],"at":[140],"pulse":[142],"repetition":[143],"frequency":[144],"250":[146],"Hz":[147],"3.2%":[149],"duty":[150],"cycling.":[151],"overall":[153],"functionality":[154],"is":[158],"also":[159],"demonstrated":[160],"human":[170],"subject":[171],"fingertip":[172],"presence":[175],"both":[177],"natural":[178],"light":[179,182],"indoor":[181],"sources":[183],"60":[185],"Hz.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}