{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982102943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725","title":"A CMOS Magnetoresistive Sensor Front-End With Mismatch-Tolerance and Sub-ppm Sensitivity for Magnetic Immunoassays","display_name":"A CMOS Magnetoresistive Sensor Front-End With Mismatch-Tolerance and Sub-ppm Sensitivity for Magnetic Immunoassays","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982102943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725","mag":"2982102943","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31670677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047471955","display_name":"Xiahan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-1891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiahan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-1891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004931278","display_name":"Michael Sveiven","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Sveiven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040823901","display_name":"Drew A. Hall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-074X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drew A. Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-074X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047471955"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83982429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"1254","last_page":"1263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11255","display_name":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.743969738483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.6230839490890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.6170912981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistor","display_name":"Resistor","score":0.5934843420982361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistance","display_name":"Magnetoresistance","score":0.5664272904396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5504305958747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.5262357592582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wide-dynamic-range","display_name":"Wide dynamic range","score":0.5239584445953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47525617480278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4494490325450897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/front-and-back-ends","display_name":"Front and back ends","score":0.4387272000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-power-electronics","display_name":"Low-power electronics","score":0.4227273464202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3886350393295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3764852285385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.346974641084671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2933173179626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.28951841592788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25617945194244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.1859782338142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.18539434671401978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.10092094540596008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.743969738483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.6230839490890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6170912981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137488568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321","display_name":"Resistor","level":3,"score":0.5934843420982361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117958382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58347","display_name":"Magnetoresistance","level":3,"score":0.5664272904396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5504305958747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.5262357592582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776179129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7998640","display_name":"Wide dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.5239584445953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47525617480278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4494490325450897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53016008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620167","display_name":"Front and back ends","level":2,"score":0.4387272000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117551214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692774","display_name":"Low-power electronics","level":4,"score":0.4227273464202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3886350393295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3764852285385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.346974641084671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2933173179626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.28951841592788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25617945194244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.1859782338142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.18539434671401978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.10092094540596008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000669","descriptor_name":"Amplifiers, Electronic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000669","descriptor_name":"Amplifiers, Electronic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000669","descriptor_name":"Amplifiers, Electronic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008280","descriptor_name":"Magnetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008280","descriptor_name":"Magnetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008280","descriptor_name":"Magnetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019095","descriptor_name":"Point-of-Care Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019095","descriptor_name":"Point-of-Care Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019095","descriptor_name":"Point-of-Care Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057230","descriptor_name":"Limit of Detection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057230","descriptor_name":"Limit of Detection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057230","descriptor_name":"Limit of Detection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31670677","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31670677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1281138651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1454608","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W296189511","https://openalex.org/W1568084954","https://openalex.org/W1909972602","https://openalex.org/W1965881000","https://openalex.org/W1967904335","https://openalex.org/W1974442190","https://openalex.org/W1975545190","https://openalex.org/W1981127654","https://openalex.org/W1992644378","https://openalex.org/W1996289659","https://openalex.org/W2001353685","https://openalex.org/W2002962641","https://openalex.org/W2004984550","https://openalex.org/W2016378944","https://openalex.org/W2025915281","https://openalex.org/W2033956306","https://openalex.org/W2042638217","https://openalex.org/W2045889911","https://openalex.org/W2051551006","https://openalex.org/W2055115445","https://openalex.org/W2071012957","https://openalex.org/W2089275470","https://openalex.org/W2095430568","https://openalex.org/W2097053416","https://openalex.org/W2105123440","https://openalex.org/W2107592776","https://openalex.org/W2115918673","https://openalex.org/W2120172812","https://openalex.org/W2125008442","https://openalex.org/W2134549381","https://openalex.org/W2151716191","https://openalex.org/W2166288603","https://openalex.org/W2175780827","https://openalex.org/W2291846858","https://openalex.org/W2396773151","https://openalex.org/W2484592576","https://openalex.org/W2525211209","https://openalex.org/W2562959833","https://openalex.org/W2605297115","https://openalex.org/W2620805409","https://openalex.org/W2752251795","https://openalex.org/W2754586052","https://openalex.org/W2778618465","https://openalex.org/W2802599954","https://openalex.org/W2802880169","https://openalex.org/W2897653632","https://openalex.org/W2898966984","https://openalex.org/W2903287413","https://openalex.org/W2921058975","https://openalex.org/W4234608342","https://openalex.org/W4249123797","https://openalex.org/W6633920486","https://openalex.org/W6676235977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385733096","https://openalex.org/W1991661439","https://openalex.org/W2041213051","https://openalex.org/W2053377655","https://openalex.org/W3202881379","https://openalex.org/W2143589838","https://openalex.org/W2011470011","https://openalex.org/W2160828022","https://openalex.org/W1643226533","https://openalex.org/W2371190228"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetic":[0],"biosensing":[1],"is":[2],"an":[3,85,91],"emerging":[4],"technique":[5,72],"for":[6],"ultra-sensitive":[7],"point-of-care":[8],"(PoC)":[9],"biomolecular":[10],"detection.":[11],"However,":[12],"the":[13,26,29,35,75,79],"large":[14],"baseline-to-signal":[15],"ratio":[16],"and":[17,50,64,99,131],"sensor-to-sensor":[18],"mismatch":[19],"in":[20,74,112],"magnetoresistive":[21],"(MR)":[22],"biosensors":[23],"severely":[24],"complicates":[25],"design":[27],"of":[28,88,94,103],"analog":[30],"front-end":[31],"(AFE)":[32],"due":[33],"to":[34,60,77],"high":[36,66],"dynamic":[37],"range":[38],"(DR)":[39],"required.":[40],"The":[41,82],"proposed":[42],"AFE":[43,83],"addresses":[44],"these":[45],"issues":[46],"through":[47],"new":[48],"architectural":[49],"circuit":[51],"level":[52],"techniques":[53],"including":[54],"fast":[55],"settling":[56],"duty-cycle":[57],"resistors":[58],"(DCRs)":[59],"reduce":[61],"readout":[62,101,126],"time":[63,102],"a":[65,100,113],"frequency":[67],"interference":[68],"rejection":[69],"(HFIR)":[70],"sampling":[71],"embedded":[73],"ADC":[76],"relax":[78],"DR":[80],"requirement.":[81],"achieves":[84],"input-referred":[86,92],"noise":[87],"46.4":[89],"nT/\u221aHz,":[90],"baseline":[93],"less":[95],"than":[96,135],"0.235":[97],"mT,":[98],"11":[104],"ms":[105],"while":[106],"consuming":[107],"just":[108],"1.39":[109],"mW.":[110],"Implemented":[111],"0.18":[114],"\u03bcm":[115],"CMOS":[116],"process,":[117],"this":[118],"work":[119],"has":[120],"state-of-the-art":[121],"performance":[122],"with":[123],"22.7\u00d7":[124],"faster":[125],"time,":[127],">7.8\u00d7":[128],"lower":[129,133],"baseline,":[130],"2.3\u00d7":[132],"power":[134],"previously":[136],"reported":[137],"MR":[138],"sensor":[139],"AFEs.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}