{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910536152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2892825","title":"A Compact Analog Histogramming SPAD-Based CMOS Chip for Time-Resolved Fluorescence","display_name":"A Compact Analog Histogramming SPAD-Based CMOS Chip for Time-Resolved Fluorescence","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910536152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2892825","mag":"2910536152","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30640628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2019.2892825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2892825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032531213","display_name":"\u00c1. Di\u00e9guez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Angel Dieguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009694305","display_name":"Joan Canals","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5431-8554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan Canals","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005370171","display_name":"Nil Franch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1872-3998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nil Franch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070023148","display_name":"Joel Di\u00e9guez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Dieguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070936782","display_name":"Oscar Alonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-3645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039092557","display_name":"A. Vil\u00e0","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3088-0590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Vila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032531213"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2961,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93104122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"343","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7923271656036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.6469223499298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.5935701727867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescence","display_name":"Fluorescence","score":0.5191509127616882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.49211639165878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.4820709824562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.47577348351478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4735278785228729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.44267672300338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.44034868478775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.4003060460090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.34483054280281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.28502434492111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18478333950042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.1828567385673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12014654278755188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7923271656036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.6469223499298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.5935701727867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91881484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807","display_name":"Fluorescence","level":2,"score":0.5191509127616882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.49211639165878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.4820709824562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.47577348351478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4735278785228729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.44267672300338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.44034868478775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.4003060460090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.34483054280281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.28502434492111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18478333950042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.1828567385673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12014654278755188}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004560","descriptor_name":"Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005453","descriptor_name":"Fluorescence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005453","descriptor_name":"Fluorescence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005453","descriptor_name":"Fluorescence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012666","descriptor_name":"Semiconductors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017785","descriptor_name":"Photons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017785","descriptor_name":"Photons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017785","descriptor_name":"Photons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2019.2892825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2892825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30640628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30640628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595875268","https://openalex.org/W1967773979","https://openalex.org/W1975839871","https://openalex.org/W1984001432","https://openalex.org/W1985749767","https://openalex.org/W2004482449","https://openalex.org/W2027961143","https://openalex.org/W2038054094","https://openalex.org/W2054873125","https://openalex.org/W2060635795","https://openalex.org/W2078293058","https://openalex.org/W2081522632","https://openalex.org/W2082454728","https://openalex.org/W2085362809","https://openalex.org/W2101246723","https://openalex.org/W2102616257","https://openalex.org/W2109934078","https://openalex.org/W2113557303","https://openalex.org/W2113940984","https://openalex.org/W2115271657","https://openalex.org/W2133755845","https://openalex.org/W2135448171","https://openalex.org/W2139285928","https://openalex.org/W2143385458","https://openalex.org/W2147275134","https://openalex.org/W2153699615","https://openalex.org/W2155631601","https://openalex.org/W2171895487","https://openalex.org/W2189281519","https://openalex.org/W2199079374","https://openalex.org/W2218437761","https://openalex.org/W2394619738","https://openalex.org/W2396073525","https://openalex.org/W2468744552","https://openalex.org/W2480459358","https://openalex.org/W2516702102","https://openalex.org/W2567001553","https://openalex.org/W2593661223","https://openalex.org/W2743075408","https://openalex.org/W2767149846","https://openalex.org/W2888773516","https://openalex.org/W6670140098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992737278","https://openalex.org/W2035885782","https://openalex.org/W2317801534","https://openalex.org/W1979221943","https://openalex.org/W4321519289","https://openalex.org/W2051523801","https://openalex.org/W1599479652","https://openalex.org/W2049625409","https://openalex.org/W2015112459","https://openalex.org/W1980599374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time-resolved":[0],"fluorescence":[1,20,43,59,103],"measurement":[2,17],"is":[3],"extraordinarily":[4],"powerful":[5],"in":[6,15,51,82,134,161,189,199],"the":[7,29,35,38,42,58,66,147,183,200],"analysis":[8],"of":[9,123,131,137,151,158,174,186,192,202],"substances":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,69,98,116,176],"its":[13],"effectiveness":[14],"eliminating":[16],"artifacts.":[18],"Some":[19],"measurements":[21],"are":[22,109],"still":[23],"conducted":[24],"on":[25,146,207],"CMOS":[26,55,75],"chips":[27],"with":[28,120],"decay":[30,44,60,104,184],"times":[31,72],"determined":[32],"after":[33],"reading":[34],"data":[36],"off":[37],"chip":[39,56,79,164,173],"and":[40,64,165,170],"fitting":[41],"histogram.":[45],"We":[46],"present":[47],"a":[48,74,83,121,127,162,171,203],"novel":[49],"approach":[50],"which":[52,154],"an":[53,135,156,167],"analog":[54],"divides":[57],"time":[61,185],"into":[62],"slices":[63],"classifies":[65],"photons":[67],"according":[68],"their":[70],"arrival":[71],"at":[73],"SPAD":[76],"sensor.":[77],"The":[78,89],"was":[80],"fabricated":[81],"1P6M":[84],"0.18":[85],"\u03bcm":[86,139],"HV-CMOS":[87],"process.":[88],"slice":[90],"timings":[91],"can":[92],"be":[93],"tailored":[94],"from":[95],"168":[96],"ps":[97],"4.9":[99],"ns,":[100],"covering":[101],"most":[102],"times.":[105],"9":[106],"timing":[107],"windows":[108],"generated":[110],"per":[111],"pixel":[112],"that":[113],"count":[114],"up":[115,175],"13":[117],"b":[118],"each,":[119],"resolution":[122],"0.16":[124],"mV/photon,":[125],"for":[126],"maximum":[128],"output":[129],"voltage":[130],"1.3":[132],"V,":[133],"area":[136],"150":[138],"\u00d7":[140],"50":[141],"\u03bcm.":[142],"Here,":[143],"we":[144],"report":[145],"first":[148],"practical":[149],"application":[150],"this":[152,195],"circuit,":[153],"integrates":[155],"array":[157],"5":[159],"pixels":[160],"single":[163],"has":[166],"excitation":[168],"light":[169],"microfluidic":[172],"3":[177],"channels.":[178],"This":[179],"system":[180],"could":[181,197],"determine":[182],"quantum":[187],"dots":[188],"20":[190],"nl":[191],"solution.":[193],"Thus,":[194],"paper":[196],"help":[198],"development":[201],"point-of-care":[204],"device":[205],"based":[206],"time-resolved":[208],"fluorescence.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}