{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983508067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2012.2232665","title":"A mm-Sized Wirelessly Powered and Remotely Controlled Locomotive Implant","display_name":"A mm-Sized Wirelessly Powered and Remotely Controlled Locomotive Implant","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983508067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2012.2232665","mag":"1983508067","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2232665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2012.2232665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036764940","display_name":"Daniel Pivonka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Pivonka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford,CA 94305, USA. pivonka@stanford.edu","Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford,CA 94305, USA. pivonka@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007913698","display_name":"Anatoly Yakovlev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Yakovlev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027544012","display_name":"Ada S. Y. Poon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2647-6069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. S. Y. Poon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103233242","display_name":"T.H. Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7871-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2463,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95755935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"6","first_page":"523","last_page":"532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.6489827036857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.5739251375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propulsion","display_name":"Propulsion","score":0.5549036860466003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.45750191807746887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.44145667552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4357648193836212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectifier","display_name":"Rectifier (neural networks)","score":0.42073696851730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4166856110095978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39794573187828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36058270931243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.34598004817962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3400178551673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16401159763336182}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6489827036857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.5739251375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1034443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2583685","display_name":"Propulsion","level":2,"score":0.5549036860466003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.45750191807746887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.44145667552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4357648193836212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50100734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303176","display_name":"Rectifier (neural networks)","level":5,"score":0.42073696851730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4166856110095978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39794573187828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36058270931243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.34598004817962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3400178551673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16401159763336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86582703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617824","display_name":"Stochastic neural network","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001698","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001698","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001698","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016503","descriptor_name":"Drug Delivery Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016503","descriptor_name":"Drug Delivery Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016503","descriptor_name":"Drug Delivery Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019736","descriptor_name":"Prostheses and Implants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019736","descriptor_name":"Prostheses and Implants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019736","descriptor_name":"Prostheses and Implants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057446","descriptor_name":"Hydrodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057446","descriptor_name":"Hydrodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057446","descriptor_name":"Hydrodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060328","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060328","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060328","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2232665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2012.2232665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80299757","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"1932-4545","issn":["1932-4545","1940-9990"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23853253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994710268","https://openalex.org/W2026351636","https://openalex.org/W2043945263","https://openalex.org/W2055583271","https://openalex.org/W2062732075","https://openalex.org/W2097922374","https://openalex.org/W2105149720","https://openalex.org/W2113017191","https://openalex.org/W2118969936","https://openalex.org/W2119935308","https://openalex.org/W2127238426","https://openalex.org/W2139801901","https://openalex.org/W2152597108","https://openalex.org/W2157207000","https://openalex.org/W2190054710","https://openalex.org/W2293707301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996543123","https://openalex.org/W4388516297","https://openalex.org/W2010761432","https://openalex.org/W4389302182","https://openalex.org/W4229074657","https://openalex.org/W2146363836","https://openalex.org/W2385405232","https://openalex.org/W2070047532","https://openalex.org/W1978322239","https://openalex.org/W2750357479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"wirelessly":[1],"powered":[2],"and":[3,83,153],"controlled":[4],"implantable":[5],"device":[6],"capable":[7,143],"of":[8,28,37,67,108,127,144,157],"locomotion":[9],"in":[10,35,50,160],"a":[11,68,71,73,76,78,80,98,106,161],"fluid":[12],"medium":[13],"is":[14],"presented.":[15],"Two":[16],"scalable":[17],"low-power":[18],"propulsion":[19,91,138],"methods":[20,34],"are":[21,142],"described":[22],"that":[23,86],"achieve":[24,155],"roughly":[25],"an":[26,55],"order":[27],"magnitude":[29],"better":[30],"performance":[31],"than":[32],"existing":[33],"terms":[36],"thrust":[38],"conversion":[39],"efficiency.":[40],"The":[41,64,133],"wireless":[42],"prototype":[43],"occupies":[44],"0.6":[45],"mm":[46,49,58,61],"\u00d7":[47,59],"1":[48],"65":[51],"nm":[52],"CMOS":[53],"with":[54,89,124],"external":[56],"2":[57,60,99,148],"receive":[62],"antenna.":[63],"IC":[65],"consists":[66],"matching":[69],"network,":[70],"rectifier,":[72],"bandgap":[74],"reference,":[75],"regulator,":[77],"demodulator,":[79],"digital":[81],"controller,":[82],"high-current":[84],"drivers":[85],"interface":[87],"directly":[88],"the":[90,115,137],"system.":[92],"It":[93],"receives":[94],"500":[95],"\u03bcW":[96],"from":[97,121],"W":[100],"1.86":[101],"GHz":[102],"power":[103],"signal":[104],"at":[105,130,150],"distance":[107],"5":[109],"cm.":[110],"Asynchronous":[111],"pulse-width":[112],"modulation":[113],"on":[114],"carrier":[116],"allows":[117],"for":[118],"data":[119,135],"rates":[120],"2.5-25":[122],"Mbps":[123],"energy":[125],"efficiency":[126],"0.5":[128],"pJ/b":[129],"10":[131],"Mbps.":[132],"received":[134],"configures":[136],"system":[139],"drivers,":[140],"which":[141],"driving":[145],"up":[146],"to":[147],"mA":[149],"0.2":[151],"V":[152],"can":[154],"speed":[156],"0.53":[158],"cm/sec":[159],"0.06":[162],"T":[163],"magnetic":[164],"field.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
