{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414432685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3611669","title":"Fusing Learning and Non-Learning: Hybrid CNN-Transformer Cooperative-Competitive Network for Underwater Image Enhancement","display_name":"Fusing Learning and Non-Learning: Hybrid CNN-Transformer Cooperative-Competitive Network for Underwater Image Enhancement","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414432685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3611669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbc.2025.3611669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3611669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100142436","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","issn_l":"0018-9316","issn":["0018-9316","1557-9611"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022137429","display_name":"Xun Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7019-933X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xun Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407860","display_name":"Xu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-6468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004538523","display_name":"Li\u2010Ying Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4721-3671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Ying Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101693642","display_name":"Chengtao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-6098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengtao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102661927","display_name":"Chengsong Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengsong Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Electrical Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061907283","display_name":"Ryan Wen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1591-5583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Wen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022137429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6542,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93865591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"4","first_page":"1065","last_page":"1078"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7476999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5332000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.3865000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7476999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7110999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6177999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5332000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017601658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image enhancement","level":3,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778328480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639904","display_name":"Hybrid image","level":3,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbc.2025.3611669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3611669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100142436","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","issn_l":"0018-9316","issn":["0018-9316","1557-9611"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1446365146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132025113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G267002722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025-BS-0210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323086","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6078010386","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52171332","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6561607254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52501429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7069017327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52171292","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323086","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966855663","https://openalex.org/W1976468890","https://openalex.org/W2016622085","https://openalex.org/W2055447163","https://openalex.org/W2081140338","https://openalex.org/W2091420866","https://openalex.org/W2128254161","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2168604797","https://openalex.org/W2293581118","https://openalex.org/W2763503841","https://openalex.org/W2794405642","https://openalex.org/W2892341857","https://openalex.org/W2892845027","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2964088115","https://openalex.org/W2971483169","https://openalex.org/W2982220924","https://openalex.org/W2990176100","https://openalex.org/W2997763120","https://openalex.org/W3009406242","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3157502174","https://openalex.org/W3204251553","https://openalex.org/W3216065183","https://openalex.org/W4225672218","https://openalex.org/W4226152953","https://openalex.org/W4282914989","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4294982738","https://openalex.org/W4312325222","https://openalex.org/W4322576906","https://openalex.org/W4365801712","https://openalex.org/W4377079715","https://openalex.org/W4377263765","https://openalex.org/W4382118992","https://openalex.org/W4385486218","https://openalex.org/W4387010541","https://openalex.org/W4387987031","https://openalex.org/W4388740185","https://openalex.org/W4389161154","https://openalex.org/W4391216887","https://openalex.org/W4391520444","https://openalex.org/W4391697013","https://openalex.org/W4396881385","https://openalex.org/W4398757447","https://openalex.org/W4400142372","https://openalex.org/W4401879339","https://openalex.org/W4402224840","https://openalex.org/W4403294202"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"image":[1],"enhancement":[2,107],"(UIE)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,38,54,90,133,151,170],"provide":[6],"high-quality":[7],"observations":[8],"of":[9,15,57,108,140,157,174],"challenging":[10],"underwater":[11,110],"scenarios,":[12],"which":[13,125],"is":[14,183],"great":[16],"significance":[17],"for":[18],"various":[19],"broadcast":[20],"technologies.":[21],"Extensive":[22],"non-learning-based":[23,34],"and":[24,31,98,105,138,144,155,163],"learning-based":[25,44],"UIE":[26],"methods":[27],"have":[28],"been":[29],"presented":[30],"applied.":[32],"However,":[33],"strategies":[35,45],"typically":[36],"struggle":[37],"demonstrate":[39,152],"superior":[40],"generalization":[41],"capabilities,":[42],"while":[43],"generally":[46],"suffer":[47],"from":[48,94],"potential":[49],"over-":[50],"or":[51],"under-enhancement":[52],"due":[53],"the":[55,63,86,153,172],"lack":[56],"sufficient":[58,164],"prior":[59,96,142],"knowledge.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"challenges":[64],"above,":[65],"this":[66],"paper":[67],"presents":[68],"a":[69,118],"heuristic":[70],"cooperative-competitive":[71,128],"network,":[72],"termed":[73],"Co<sup":[74,79,114,160],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[75,80,115,131,161,187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>Net.":[76],"Specifically,":[77],"our":[78,113,158,178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>Net":[81,116],"integrates":[82],"non-learning":[83],"mechanisms":[84],"into":[85],"deep":[87],"learning":[88],"framework":[89],"achieve":[91,134],"information":[92],"fusion":[93],"explainable":[95],"knowledge":[97,143],"discernible":[99,145],"hierarchical":[100],"features,":[101],"thereby":[102],"facilitating":[103],"promising":[104],"reasonable":[106],"degraded":[109],"images.":[111],"Furthermore,":[112],"adopts":[117],"hybrid":[119],"convolutional":[120],"neural":[121],"network":[122],"(CNN)-Transformer":[123],"architecture,":[124],"comprises":[126],"successive":[127],"modules":[129],"(Co<sup":[130],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>Ms)":[132],"adequate":[135],"extraction,":[136],"representation,":[137],"transmission":[139],"both":[141],"features.":[146],"Comprehensive":[147],"experiments":[148],"are":[149,167],"conducted":[150],"superiority":[154],"universality":[156],"proposed":[159],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>Net,":[162],"ablation":[165],"studies":[166],"also":[168],"performed":[169],"reveal":[171],"effectiveness":[173],"each":[175],"component":[176],"within":[177],"model.":[179],"The":[180],"source":[181],"code":[182],"available":[184],"at":[185],"<uri":[186],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/jixun-dmu/Co2Net</uri>":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
