{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412353342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3582107","title":"Angle-Domain Partition Beam Pattern-Based Beam Training in Sub-THz Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Array Communication Systems","display_name":"Angle-Domain Partition Beam Pattern-Based Beam Training in Sub-THz Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Array Communication Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412353342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3582107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbc.2025.3582107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3582107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100142436","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","issn_l":"0018-9316","issn":["0018-9316","1557-9611"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049469336","display_name":"Jingbo Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-7435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbo Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, the State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, and the Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-7435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, the State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, and the Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379884","display_name":"Jintao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-5379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, the State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, and the Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-5379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, the State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, and the Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403297","display_name":"Jian Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6066-9510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131625388","display_name":"University Town of Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/05f5j6225","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6066-9510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78651435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"741","last_page":"755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.5662525296211243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.54529869556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-waveguide-antenna","display_name":"Beam waveguide antenna","score":0.5437688827514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5305997133255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.489303320646286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-pattern","display_name":"Radiation pattern","score":0.4750159680843353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/periscope-antenna","display_name":"Periscope antenna","score":0.46267908811569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3634716868400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.35386592149734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.313293993473053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.5662525296211243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.54529869556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66999923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876195","display_name":"Beam waveguide antenna","level":5,"score":0.5437688827514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5305997133255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.489303320646286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.4750159680843353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138949660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7168757","display_name":"Periscope antenna","level":4,"score":0.46267908811569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3634716868400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.35386592149734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.313293993473053}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbc.2025.3582107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2025.3582107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100142436","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","issn_l":"0018-9316","issn":["0018-9316","1557-9611"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5081150822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6679062271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L242083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970413110","https://openalex.org/W1991312775","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2082281310","https://openalex.org/W2128865660","https://openalex.org/W2148527554","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2604698298","https://openalex.org/W2730027154","https://openalex.org/W2887980373","https://openalex.org/W2908207995","https://openalex.org/W2962944637","https://openalex.org/W2963368348","https://openalex.org/W3126485115","https://openalex.org/W3154003107","https://openalex.org/W3203588647","https://openalex.org/W3204162029","https://openalex.org/W3204426743","https://openalex.org/W4296425646","https://openalex.org/W4312728264","https://openalex.org/W4312831134","https://openalex.org/W4317496727","https://openalex.org/W4322716251","https://openalex.org/W4327521949","https://openalex.org/W4361858306","https://openalex.org/W4386108329","https://openalex.org/W4386869648","https://openalex.org/W4387918137","https://openalex.org/W4389610147","https://openalex.org/W4390485822","https://openalex.org/W4392518008","https://openalex.org/W4397026247","https://openalex.org/W4400112106","https://openalex.org/W4400448860","https://openalex.org/W4401164164","https://openalex.org/W4401507895","https://openalex.org/W4402830204","https://openalex.org/W4403060859","https://openalex.org/W4409156982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2552043696","https://openalex.org/W2067334066","https://openalex.org/W2380370588","https://openalex.org/W768730067","https://openalex.org/W2033921874","https://openalex.org/W2313707850","https://openalex.org/W4390582938","https://openalex.org/W2084545853","https://openalex.org/W2089242022","https://openalex.org/W2599085859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sub-terahertz":[0],"(sub-THz)":[1],"communications":[2],"is":[3,36,48,116,124,144,213,225],"considered":[4],"one":[5],"of":[6,26,46,141,161,244],"the":[7,15,21,24,65,105,120,139,142,147,157,186,190,218,254,267],"critical":[8],"techniques":[9],"in":[10,38,58,82,262],"6G":[11],"network.":[12],"To":[13,87],"enlarge":[14],"antenna":[16,30],"effective":[17],"aperture":[18],"and":[19,54,61,123,240,248],"guarantee":[20],"received":[22],"power,":[23],"employment":[25],"an":[27,93],"extremely":[28],"large-scale":[29],"array":[31],"to":[32,215,227],"generate":[33],"high-gain":[34,52],"beams":[35,128,162,199],"essential":[37],"sub-THz":[39],"communications.":[40],"Obtaining":[41],"accurate":[42,229],"channel":[43,72,148,191,219],"path":[44,73,149,192,220],"directions":[45,74,193],"users":[47],"necessary":[49],"for":[50,70],"achieving":[51],"beamforming":[53],"efficient":[55],"user":[56],"scheduling":[57],"both":[59],"unicast":[60],"multicast":[62],"scenarios.":[63],"However,":[64],"existing":[66],"beam":[67,79,96,100,112,179,230,263],"training":[68,80,101,180,231,264],"schemes":[69],"acquiring":[71],"suffer":[75],"from":[76],"a":[77,110,177,210,241,259],"large":[78],"overhead":[81,265],"either":[83],"time-domain":[84],"or":[85],"frequency-domain.":[86],"solve":[88],"this":[89,173],"problem,":[90],"we":[91,175],"propose":[92,176],"angle-domain":[94,122,132],"partition":[95,169,206],"pattern":[97,113],"(APBP)":[98],"based":[99],"scheme":[102,181,224,256],"by":[103,126,155,197,232],"considering":[104],"delay-phase":[106],"precoding":[107],"architecture.":[108],"Specifically,":[109],"wideband":[111],"called":[114],"APBP":[115,143],"defined":[117],"which":[118],"covers":[119],"entire":[121],"realized":[125],"generating":[127],"that":[129,146,253],"cover":[130],"different":[131,135,165,202],"partitions":[133],"through":[134],"radio-frequency":[136],"chains.":[137],"Then,":[138],"property":[140],"revealed":[145],"direction":[150,159],"can":[151,257],"be":[152],"uniquely":[153],"determined":[154],"using":[156],"targeted":[158],"difference":[160],"satisfying":[163,200],"two":[164,183,201],"APBPs":[166,203],"with":[167,182,204,266],"coprime":[168,205],"numbers.":[170,207],"Based":[171],"on":[172],"property,":[174],"fast":[178],"stages.":[184],"In":[185],"coarse":[187],"estimation":[188],"stage,":[189],"are":[194],"coarsely":[195],"estimated":[196],"utilizing":[198,233],"After":[208],"that,":[209],"fine-tuning":[211],"stage":[212],"operated":[214],"accurately":[216],"decide":[217],"directions.":[221],"The":[222],"proposed":[223,255],"able":[226],"achieve":[228],"pilots":[234],"occupying":[235],"only":[236],"three":[237],"time":[238],"slots":[239],"small":[242],"part":[243],"subcarriers.":[245],"Theoretical":[246],"analyses":[247],"extensive":[249],"simulations":[250],"have":[251],"shown":[252],"realize":[258],"75%":[260],"reduction":[261],"near-optimal":[268],"achievable":[269],"sum-rate.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}