{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327643815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815","title":"Improved Quality of Online Education Using Prioritized Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Video Traffic Scheduling","display_name":"Improved Quality of Online Education Using Prioritized Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Video Traffic Scheduling","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327643815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/11/4359969/10073590.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100142436","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","issn_l":"0018-9316","issn":["0018-9316","1557-9611"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/11/4359969/10073590.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070893668","display_name":"Ioan-Sorin Com\u015fa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-0286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116528","display_name":"Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01t75ff47","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ioan-Sorin Com\u0219a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Research in Open-, Distance- and eLearning, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, Brig, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Research in Open-, Distance- and eLearning, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, Brig, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030860397","display_name":"Andreea Molnar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6107-9881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["AU","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreea Molnar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Institute for Advance Studies, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advance Studies, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001695723","display_name":"Irina Tal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-668X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Tal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Performance Engineering Laboratory, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Performance Engineering Laboratory, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006742393","display_name":"Christof Imhof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-8946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116528","display_name":"Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01t75ff47","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christof Imhof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Research in Open-, Distance- and eLearning, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, Brig, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Research in Open-, Distance- and eLearning, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, Brig, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037775634","display_name":"Per Bergamin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-9058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116528","display_name":"Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01t75ff47","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["CH","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per Bergamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Research in Open-, Distance- and eLearning, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, Brig, Switzerland","Faculty of Education, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Research in Open-, Distance- and eLearning, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, Brig, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050234051","display_name":"Gabriel\u2010Miro Muntean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-4770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel-Miro Muntean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Performance Engineering Laboratory, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Performance Engineering Laboratory, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076763328","display_name":"Cristina Hava Muntean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5082-9253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104546213","display_name":"National College of Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/02qzs9336","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Hava Muntean","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National College of Ireland, Dublin 1, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National College of Ireland, Dublin 1, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028937831","display_name":"Ramona Trestian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-3081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60488453","display_name":"Middlesex University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rv4p989","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramona Trestian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070893668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116528"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3206,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93870869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"2","first_page":"436","last_page":"454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12720","display_name":"Multimedia Communication and Technology","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8117833137512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7866553068161011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"Quality of experience","score":0.6552414298057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-opinion-score","display_name":"Mean opinion score","score":0.5748700499534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5672517418861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5358152985572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5335116386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.5326162576675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-loss","display_name":"Packet loss","score":0.4448608160018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-over-ip","display_name":"Voice over IP","score":0.42585819959640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.42479270696640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-quality","display_name":"Video quality","score":0.42195069789886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41372302174568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.31155019998550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25891607999801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.24425065517425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10482123494148254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8117833137512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7866553068161011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132648","display_name":"Quality of experience","level":3,"score":0.6552414298057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62897895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1915482","display_name":"Mean opinion score","level":3,"score":0.5748700499534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5672517418861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5358152985572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5335116386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.5326162576675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.4448608160018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171246234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81945","display_name":"Voice over IP","level":3,"score":0.42585819959640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.42479270696640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103910844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631256","display_name":"Video quality","level":3,"score":0.42195069789886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41372302174568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.31155019998550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25891607999801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.24425065517425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10482123494148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/11/4359969/10073590.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100142436","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","issn_l":"0018-9316","issn":["0018-9316","1557-9611"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.mdx.ac.uk:37455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400025","display_name":"Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60488453","host_organization_name":"Middlesex University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2023.3246815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/11/4359969/10073590.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100142436","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","issn_l":"0018-9316","issn":["0018-9316","1557-9611"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327643815.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327643815.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1985355754","https://openalex.org/W2096479633","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2114003275","https://openalex.org/W2164877578","https://openalex.org/W2170372734","https://openalex.org/W2257126988","https://openalex.org/W2416182870","https://openalex.org/W2479924268","https://openalex.org/W2744628735","https://openalex.org/W2783073756","https://openalex.org/W2916432388","https://openalex.org/W2943723255","https://openalex.org/W2952685986","https://openalex.org/W2957938917","https://openalex.org/W2964437700","https://openalex.org/W2966326907","https://openalex.org/W3004413500","https://openalex.org/W3015841032","https://openalex.org/W3016063666","https://openalex.org/W3024530634","https://openalex.org/W3031371304","https://openalex.org/W3037040187","https://openalex.org/W3114794584","https://openalex.org/W3142864613","https://openalex.org/W3149393134","https://openalex.org/W3160306825","https://openalex.org/W3191099264","https://openalex.org/W3197766933","https://openalex.org/W3205568891","https://openalex.org/W4299401133","https://openalex.org/W6691888956","https://openalex.org/W6721733342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3007758974","https://openalex.org/W2382922397","https://openalex.org/W2130186687","https://openalex.org/W2167027757","https://openalex.org/W2592586851","https://openalex.org/W2793674662","https://openalex.org/W2319456540","https://openalex.org/W3031398062","https://openalex.org/W3127182254","https://openalex.org/W2796797126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82],"recent":[1],"global":[2],"pandemic":[3],"has":[4],"transformed":[5],"the":[6,12,25,30,88,98,102,110,129,135,140,143,149,157,199,203],"way":[7],"education":[8],"is":[9],"delivered,":[10],"increasing":[11],"importance":[13],"of":[14,73,79,87,101,114,131,164,176],"video-based":[15,47,103],"online":[16],"learning.":[17],"However,":[18,109],"this":[19,50,52],"puts":[20],"a":[21,41,55],"significant":[22],"pressure":[23],"on":[24,106,128],"underlying":[26],"communication":[27],"networks":[28],"and":[29,76,116,124,142,167,185,194],"limited":[31],"available":[32],"bandwidth":[33],"needs":[34],"to":[35,39,69,96,119,138,152],"be":[36,153],"intelligently":[37],"allocated":[38],"support":[40],"much":[42],"higher":[43],"transmission":[44],"load,":[45],"including":[46],"services.":[48],"In":[49],"context,":[51],"paper":[53],"proposes":[54],"Machine":[56],"Learning":[57,93],"(ML)-based":[58],"solution":[59,94,160,201],"that":[60,198],"dynamically":[61],"prioritizes":[62],"content":[63],"viewers":[64],"with":[65,121,161,170],"heterogeneous":[66],"video":[67],"services":[68,104],"increase":[70],"their":[71],"Quality":[72,78],"Service":[74],"(QoS)":[75],"perceived":[77],"Experience":[80],"(QoE).":[81],"proposed":[83,158,200],"approach":[84,151],"makes":[85],"use":[86],"novel":[89],"Prioritized":[90],"Multi-Agent":[91],"Reinforcement":[92],"(PriMARL)":[95],"decide":[97,148],"prioritization":[99],"order":[100],"based":[105],"networking":[107,125],"conditions.":[108],"performance":[111],"in":[112,134,174],"terms":[113,175],"QoS":[115],"QoE":[117,206],"provisioning":[118],"learners":[120],"different":[122,162,191],"profiles":[123],"conditions":[126],"depends":[127],"type":[130],"scheduler":[132],"employed":[133],"frequency":[136],"domain":[137],"conduct":[139],"scheduling":[141,165],"radio":[144],"resource":[145],"allocation.":[146],"To":[147],"best":[150,204],"followed,":[154],"we":[155],"employ":[156],"PriMARL":[159],"types":[163],"rules":[166],"compare":[168],"them":[169],"other":[171],"state-of-the-art":[172],"solutions":[173],"throughput,":[177],"delay,":[178],"packet":[179],"loss,":[180],"Peak":[181],"Signal-to-Noise":[182],"Ratio":[183],"(PSNR),":[184],"Mean":[186],"Opinion":[187],"Score":[188],"(MOS)":[189],"for":[190],"traffic":[192],"loads":[193],"characteristics.":[195],"We":[196],"show":[197],"achieves":[202],"user":[205],"results.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
