{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378976235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2023.3282096","title":"The Distributions of Uncalibrated Speaker Verification Scores: A Generative Model for Domain Mismatch and Trial-Dependent Calibration","display_name":"The Distributions of Uncalibrated Speaker Verification Scores: A Generative Model for Domain Mismatch and Trial-Dependent Calibration","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378976235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2023.3282096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2023.3282096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2023.3282096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015516603","display_name":"Sandro Cumani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6036-0065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandro Cumani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6036-0065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055584539","display_name":"Salvatore Sarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0181-499X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Sarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0181-499X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3173,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60869036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":null,"first_page":"2204","last_page":"2219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7185407876968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6867244839668274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5569263100624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.522996187210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4998292922973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4879002273082733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.437451034784317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-verification","display_name":"Speaker verification","score":0.43609732389450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41211211681365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.28162628412246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23795512318611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2228923738002777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.21459397673606873}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7185407876968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6867244839668274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5569263100624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.522996187210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4998292922973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4879002273082733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.437451034784317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982762665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker verification","level":3,"score":0.43609732389450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41211211681365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.28162628412246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23795512318611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2228923738002777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.21459397673606873}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2023.3282096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2023.3282096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97072897","https://openalex.org/W134766468","https://openalex.org/W620149980","https://openalex.org/W1481604723","https://openalex.org/W1486911581","https://openalex.org/W1589137271","https://openalex.org/W1723873746","https://openalex.org/W1836183712","https://openalex.org/W1971758513","https://openalex.org/W1983134812","https://openalex.org/W1990942610","https://openalex.org/W1996950552","https://openalex.org/W2011229062","https://openalex.org/W2023238506","https://openalex.org/W2057888214","https://openalex.org/W2064364374","https://openalex.org/W2100190417","https://openalex.org/W2101587318","https://openalex.org/W2106491399","https://openalex.org/W2123768812","https://openalex.org/W2137286467","https://openalex.org/W2137310491","https://openalex.org/W2144411866","https://openalex.org/W2146635662","https://openalex.org/W2150769028","https://openalex.org/W2168561756","https://openalex.org/W2173092938","https://openalex.org/W2183016404","https://openalex.org/W2219249508","https://openalex.org/W2294814385","https://openalex.org/W2406312423","https://openalex.org/W2485395001","https://openalex.org/W2696967604","https://openalex.org/W2783693219","https://openalex.org/W2888867175","https://openalex.org/W2890964092","https://openalex.org/W2896267789","https://openalex.org/W2938358845","https://openalex.org/W2938632497","https://openalex.org/W2962714336","https://openalex.org/W2964209893","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2972444160","https://openalex.org/W2979593053","https://openalex.org/W2981087920","https://openalex.org/W2982474723","https://openalex.org/W3024869864","https://openalex.org/W3024880099","https://openalex.org/W3106837583","https://openalex.org/W3126634788","https://openalex.org/W3198173920","https://openalex.org/W4232919069","https://openalex.org/W4234330420","https://openalex.org/W4283023273","https://openalex.org/W4288408954","https://openalex.org/W6603931906","https://openalex.org/W6688816777","https://openalex.org/W6713727690","https://openalex.org/W6760924120","https://openalex.org/W6803034309","https://openalex.org/W6947241897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1652783584","https://openalex.org/W2729514902","https://openalex.org/W2905846897","https://openalex.org/W2112343299","https://openalex.org/W3035224069","https://openalex.org/W2396301125","https://openalex.org/W2149078746","https://openalex.org/W2109986327","https://openalex.org/W2145887413","https://openalex.org/W2131604654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speaker":[0],"verification":[1,122,201],"systems":[2],"that":[3,19,131,158,193],"compute":[4],"log-likelihood":[5],"ratios":[6],"(LLR)":[7],"between":[8,146],"the":[9,31,50,108,111,119,167,175,194],"same":[10],"and":[11,42,126,133,147,190,200],"different":[12,184,188],"speaker":[13,114,179],"hypotheses":[14],"allow":[15],"for":[16,124],"cost-effective":[17],"decisions":[18],"depend":[20],"only":[21],"on":[22,60,107,118,183],"prior":[23],"information.":[24,96],"Domain":[25],"mismatch,":[26],"inaccurate":[27],"model":[28],"assumptions":[29],"or":[30,170],"intrinsic":[32],"nature":[33],"of":[34,110,113,121,177],"non-probabilistic":[35],"classifiers":[36,191],"often":[37,63],"result":[38],"in":[39],"mis-calibrated":[40],"scores,":[41],"a":[43,102,178],"re-calibration":[44],"step":[45],"is":[46,58],"required":[47],"to":[48,53,68,83,92,153,205],"map":[49],"classifier":[51],"outputs":[52],"well-calibrated":[54],"LLRs.":[55],"Standard":[56],"calibration":[57,71,199,207],"based":[59,106],"Logistic":[61],"Regression,":[62],"paired":[64],"with":[65,187,203],"quality":[66,163],"measures":[67],"provide":[69],"trial-dependent":[70],"transformations.":[72],"More":[73],"recently,":[74],"generative":[75,104],"methods":[76],"have":[77],"been":[78],"proposed":[79,195],"as":[80,166,174],"an":[81],"alternative":[82],"discriminative":[84],"approaches,":[85],"which,":[86],"however,":[87],"are":[88],"not":[89],"yet":[90],"able":[91],"exploit":[93],"additional":[94],"side":[95],"In":[97],"this":[98],"work":[99],"we":[100],"introduce":[101,154],"novel":[103],"approach":[105,196],"analysis":[109],"effects":[112],"vector":[115],"distribution":[116,120],"mismatch":[117],"scores":[123,135],"PLDA":[125],"PLDA-based":[127],"classifiers.":[128],"We":[129],"show":[130,192],"target":[132],"non-target":[134],"can":[136,159],"be":[137],"modeled":[138],"by":[139],"Variance-Gamma":[140],"distributions,":[141],"whose":[142],"parameters":[143],"represent":[144],"effective":[145],"within-class":[148],"variability.":[149],"This":[150],"allows":[151],"us":[152],"utterance-dependent":[155],"variability":[156],"models":[157],"incorporate":[160],"both":[161,198],"explicit":[162],"measures,":[164,172],"such":[165,173],"utterance":[168],"duration,":[169],"implicit":[171],"norm":[176],"embedding.":[180],"Experimental":[181],"results":[182],"test":[185],"sets":[186],"front-ends":[189],"improves":[197],"accuracy":[202],"respect":[204],"state-of-the-art":[206],"models.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}