{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164583158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2021.3078361","title":"Chinese Lexical Simplification","display_name":"Chinese Lexical Simplification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164583158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2021.3078361","mag":"3164583158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2021.3078361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2021.3078361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062724090","display_name":"Jipeng Qiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5721-0293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jipeng Qiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5721-0293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101690931","display_name":"Xinyu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8298-6923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101793983","display_name":"Yun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-0358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055757510","display_name":"Yunhao Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-443X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080738591","display_name":"Xindong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2396-1704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726980","display_name":"Mininglamp (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04tb90x61","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726980"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xindong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","Mininglamp Academy of Sciences, Mininglamp Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2396-1704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mininglamp Academy of Sciences, Mininglamp Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726980"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062724090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92371963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":null,"first_page":"1819","last_page":"1828"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8521251082420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7205989360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6569650173187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6408406496047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.562247633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.55507493019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5324063897132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synonym","display_name":"Synonym (taxonomy)","score":0.5259702205657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.4571107029914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.24877527356147766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8521251082420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7205989360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6569650173187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6408406496047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.562247633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.55507493019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5324063897132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173483453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1040689","display_name":"Synonym (taxonomy)","level":3,"score":0.5259702205657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.4571107029914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.24877527356147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157369684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34740","display_name":"Genus","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2021.3078361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2021.3078361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1450990713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91746209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G325009246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3595099704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5022471313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20170513","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8292961983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB1000900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569784983","https://openalex.org/W1591840823","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1638924786","https://openalex.org/W1838004822","https://openalex.org/W1961410845","https://openalex.org/W2036367260","https://openalex.org/W2121622663","https://openalex.org/W2125177801","https://openalex.org/W2153982529","https://openalex.org/W2160724766","https://openalex.org/W2250365808","https://openalex.org/W2250958747","https://openalex.org/W2251417288","https://openalex.org/W2251681775","https://openalex.org/W2293959877","https://openalex.org/W2327524449","https://openalex.org/W2353931226","https://openalex.org/W2365440079","https://openalex.org/W2508661403","https://openalex.org/W2510721067","https://openalex.org/W2523717353","https://openalex.org/W2524789673","https://openalex.org/W2608265559","https://openalex.org/W2741179372","https://openalex.org/W2770960740","https://openalex.org/W2791002674","https://openalex.org/W2799771501","https://openalex.org/W2891244437","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2938830017","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2951652751","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2964126298","https://openalex.org/W2970124751","https://openalex.org/W2981174942","https://openalex.org/W2998173657","https://openalex.org/W3034797320","https://openalex.org/W3037725135","https://openalex.org/W3101449015","https://openalex.org/W4205337843","https://openalex.org/W4211149393","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6636727811","https://openalex.org/W6677965411","https://openalex.org/W6679047688","https://openalex.org/W6682681228","https://openalex.org/W6697105508","https://openalex.org/W6727910788","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761910064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W2087343574","https://openalex.org/W1997182898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lexical":[0],"simplification":[1,55,81],"has":[2],"attracted":[3],"much":[4],"attention":[5],"in":[6,17,32,61],"many":[7],"languages,":[8],"which":[9,73],"is":[10,47,142],"the":[11,28,35,52,67,79,104,125,143],"process":[12],"of":[13,24,30,95,128],"replacing":[14],"complex":[15,105],"words":[16],"a":[18,86,119],"given":[19],"sentence":[20],"with":[21],"simpler":[22],"alternatives":[23],"equivalent":[25],"meaning.":[26],"Although":[27],"richness":[29],"vocabulary":[31],"Chinese":[33,53],"makes":[34],"text":[36],"very":[37],"difficult":[38],"to":[39,99],"read":[40],"for":[41,51,71,77,103,146],"children":[42],"and":[43,118,131,135],"non-native":[44],"speakers,":[45],"there":[46],"no":[48],"research":[49],"work":[50],"lexical":[54,80],"(CLS)":[56],"task.":[57,148],"To":[58,84,137],"circumvent":[59],"difficulties":[60],"acquiring":[62],"annotations,":[63],"we":[64,90,123],"manually":[65],"create":[66],"first":[68,144],"benchmark":[69],"dataset":[70],"CLS,":[72],"can":[74],"be":[75],"used":[76],"evaluating":[78],"systems":[82],"automatically.":[83],"acquire":[85],"more":[87],"thorough":[88],"comparison,":[89],"present":[91],"five":[92],"different":[93],"types":[94],"methods":[96],"as":[97],"baselines":[98,130],"generate":[100],"substitute":[101],"candidates":[102],"word":[106,111],"that":[107],"includes":[108],"synonym-based":[109],"approach,":[110,113,115,117],"embedding-based":[112],"BERT-based":[114],"sememe-based":[116],"hybrid":[120],"approach.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"design":[124],"experimental":[126],"evaluation":[127],"these":[129],"discuss":[132],"their":[133],"advantages":[134],"disadvantages.":[136],"our":[138],"best":[139],"knowledge,":[140],"this":[141],"study":[145],"CLS":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}