{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2952613254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2922048","title":"Exploiting Future Word Contexts in Neural Network Language Models for Speech Recognition","display_name":"Exploiting Future Word Contexts in Neural Network Language Models for Speech Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2952613254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2922048","mag":"2952613254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2019.2922048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2922048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.40469","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101293966","display_name":"Xie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7423-617X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7423-617X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037109470","display_name":"Xunying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-1160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xunying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-1160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445125","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9500-081X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9500-081X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024283093","display_name":"Anton Ragni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0634-4456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Ragni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048201022","display_name":"Jeremy H. M. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3742-7510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy H. M. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3742-7510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050766679","display_name":"Mark Gales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-8219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark J. F. Gales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101293966"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92543009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"9","first_page":"1444","last_page":"1454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8417214155197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.7850512266159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6509736180305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5664169788360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5208073854446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.518038809299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5148558020591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.49398547410964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.46173155307769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.41494840383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09203976392745972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8417214155197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.7850512266159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6509736180305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5664169788360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5208073854446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.518038809299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5148558020591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49398547410964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.46173155307769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.41494840383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09203976392745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2019.2922048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2922048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:150520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:1094512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.eng.cam.ac.uk/1094512/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922847","display_name":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/293315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/293315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.40469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.40469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.40469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.40469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3762312709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6904412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320368","funder_display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Australia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7974680614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4055065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","funder_display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320273","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320368","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/02caat392"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98731357","https://openalex.org/W101286142","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1970689298","https://openalex.org/W1985258458","https://openalex.org/W2002342963","https://openalex.org/W2012115736","https://openalex.org/W2020073413","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2100506586","https://openalex.org/W2114016253","https://openalex.org/W2125336414","https://openalex.org/W2130437494","https://openalex.org/W2131342762","https://openalex.org/W2134659216","https://openalex.org/W2138204974","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2160451571","https://openalex.org/W2250489405","https://openalex.org/W2259472270","https://openalex.org/W2289003027","https://openalex.org/W2345190899","https://openalex.org/W2401430117","https://openalex.org/W2401969231","https://openalex.org/W2404404182","https://openalex.org/W2404974730","https://openalex.org/W2405722712","https://openalex.org/W2496955520","https://openalex.org/W2514741789","https://openalex.org/W2533523411","https://openalex.org/W2594610113","https://openalex.org/W2608339501","https://openalex.org/W2706749641","https://openalex.org/W2747917286","https://openalex.org/W2759071281","https://openalex.org/W2963451498","https://openalex.org/W2963540920","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6604085896","https://openalex.org/W6607333740","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6679429981","https://openalex.org/W6680106237","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6691642504","https://openalex.org/W6692563993","https://openalex.org/W6713149780","https://openalex.org/W6713507411","https://openalex.org/W6713561562","https://openalex.org/W6713654375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2610308580","https://openalex.org/W2169518243","https://openalex.org/W2252095989","https://openalex.org/W4322096525","https://openalex.org/W2551914602","https://openalex.org/W4281893144","https://openalex.org/W4287323699","https://openalex.org/W2105076537","https://openalex.org/W2084531783","https://openalex.org/W2902731467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0,15],"modeling":[1],"is":[2,52,94,127,180,192],"a":[3,7,23,32,116,149,167,177,184],"crucial":[4],"component":[5],"in":[6,58,89,115,195],"wide":[8],"range":[9],"of":[10,31,45,77,100,125,135,165,188,237,244],"applications":[11],"including":[12,61],"speech":[13,227],"recognition.":[14],"models":[16,73,199],"(LMs)":[17],"are":[18],"usually":[19],"constructed":[20],"by":[21],"splitting":[22],"sentence":[24,40],"into":[25],"words":[26],"and":[27,66,137,200,221,229,241],"computing":[28],"the":[29,59,62,81,92,98,101,156,172,234,242,245],"probability":[30,41,47,99],"word":[33,37,63,87,144,175,239],"based":[34],"on":[35,132,226],"its":[36],"history.":[38],"This":[39,70,146,191],"calculation,":[42],"making":[43],"use":[44,76],"conditional":[46],"distributions,":[48],"assumes":[49],"that":[50,74],"there":[51],"little":[53],"impact":[54],"from":[55,80],"approximations":[56],"used":[57,95,121,142,181,212],"LMs,":[60],"history":[64],"representations":[65],"finite":[67,186],"training":[68,196],"data.":[69],"motivates":[71],"examining":[72],"make":[75],"additional":[78],"information":[79,111],"sentence.":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84,110,123,250],"paper,":[85],"future":[86,174,238],"information,":[88,240],"addition":[90],"to":[91,96,160,170,182,204,248],"history,":[93],"predict":[97],"current":[102],"word.":[103],"For":[104],"recurrent":[105,168],"neural":[106,151],"network":[107,152,219],"LMs":[108],"(RNNLMs),":[109],"can":[112,138,201,210],"be":[113,139,202,211],"encapsulated":[114],"bi-directional":[117,198],"model.":[118],"However,":[119],"if":[120],"directly,":[122],"form":[124],"model":[126,154,183,247],"computationally":[128],"expensive":[129],"when":[130,141],"trained":[131],"large":[133],"quantities":[134],"data,":[136],"problematic":[140],"with":[143],"lattices.":[145],"paper":[147],"proposes":[148],"novel":[150],"language":[153],"structure,":[155],"succeeding-word":[157],"RNNLM,":[158],"su-RNNLM,":[159],"address":[161],"these":[162],"issues.":[163],"Instead":[164],"using":[166],"unit":[169,179],"capture":[171],"complete":[173],"contexts,":[176],"feedforward":[178],"fixed":[185],"number":[187],"succeeding":[189],"words.":[190],"more":[193],"efficient":[194],"than":[197],"applied":[203],"lattice":[205],"rescoring.":[206],"The":[207],"generated":[208],"lattices":[209],"for":[213],"downstream":[214],"applications,":[215],"such":[216],"as":[217],"confusion":[218],"decoding":[220],"keyword":[222,230],"search.":[223],"Experimental":[224],"results":[225],"recognition":[228],"spotting":[231],"tasks":[232],"illustrate":[233],"empirical":[235],"usefulness":[236],"flexibility":[243],"proposed":[246],"represent":[249],"information.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
