{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941573484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2913499","title":"Machine Comprehension of Spoken Content: TOEFL Listening Test and Spoken SQuAD","display_name":"Machine Comprehension of Spoken Content: TOEFL Listening Test and Spoken SQuAD","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941573484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2913499","mag":"2941573484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2019.2913499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2913499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063536123","display_name":"Chia\u2010Hsuan Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Hsuan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040508737","display_name":"Hung-yi Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-5747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-yi Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082670614","display_name":"Szu-Lin Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Szu-Lin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043302919","display_name":"Chi-Liang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Liang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Communication, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Communication, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410142","display_name":"Wei Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8139-1119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105628217","display_name":"Juei-Yang Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juei-Yang Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039215196","display_name":"Bo-Hsiang Tseng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Hsiang Tseng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063536123"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4448,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86524208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"9","first_page":"1469","last_page":"1480"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8012508153915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6652553081512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.653386116027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-of-english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"Test of English as a Foreign Language","score":0.6121819615364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.6055106520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoken-language","display_name":"Spoken language","score":0.5363581776618958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5203953981399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/listening-comprehension","display_name":"Listening comprehension","score":0.5118386149406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5098087191581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4866819977760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.46687930822372437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.32854753732681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14982718229293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.14300328493118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-language","display_name":"English language","score":0.14193683862686157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8012508153915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6652553081512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.653386116027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18563106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487425","display_name":"Test of English as a Foreign Language","level":3,"score":0.6121819615364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.6055106520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322198","display_name":"Spoken language","level":2,"score":0.5363581776618958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5203953981399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986659363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6646450","display_name":"Listening comprehension","level":3,"score":0.5118386149406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5098087191581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4866819977760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.46687930822372437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.32854753732681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14982718229293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.14300328493118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.14193683862686157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2019.2913499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2913499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68293321","https://openalex.org/W580074167","https://openalex.org/W1491238342","https://openalex.org/W1505680913","https://openalex.org/W1525961042","https://openalex.org/W1544827683","https://openalex.org/W1564003386","https://openalex.org/W1894439495","https://openalex.org/W1895641373","https://openalex.org/W1933349210","https://openalex.org/W1938755728","https://openalex.org/W2004154913","https://openalex.org/W2060951214","https://openalex.org/W2078238240","https://openalex.org/W2090243146","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2125436846","https://openalex.org/W2131494463","https://openalex.org/W2133585753","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2171759819","https://openalex.org/W2174492417","https://openalex.org/W2209647458","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251012068","https://openalex.org/W2251778435","https://openalex.org/W2251939518","https://openalex.org/W2293453011","https://openalex.org/W2295570185","https://openalex.org/W2306803708","https://openalex.org/W2407738793","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2509809153","https://openalex.org/W2516196286","https://openalex.org/W2551396370","https://openalex.org/W2552027021","https://openalex.org/W2556553881","https://openalex.org/W2558203065","https://openalex.org/W2735159761","https://openalex.org/W2740747242","https://openalex.org/W2770970123","https://openalex.org/W2795497335","https://openalex.org/W2885485938","https://openalex.org/W2949615363","https://openalex.org/W2951528484","https://openalex.org/W2951534261","https://openalex.org/W2951559648","https://openalex.org/W2962711077","https://openalex.org/W2962749469","https://openalex.org/W2962808855","https://openalex.org/W2962854302","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963012544","https://openalex.org/W2963191264","https://openalex.org/W2963355447","https://openalex.org/W2963446094","https://openalex.org/W2963656855","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963871484","https://openalex.org/W2963890755","https://openalex.org/W2963981422","https://openalex.org/W2964138343","https://openalex.org/W2964298608","https://openalex.org/W2964322347","https://openalex.org/W3023993913","https://openalex.org/W3104486441","https://openalex.org/W4295253143","https://openalex.org/W4387428949","https://openalex.org/W6617055948","https://openalex.org/W6629442878","https://openalex.org/W6630160514","https://openalex.org/W6631399359","https://openalex.org/W6632455782","https://openalex.org/W6639721601","https://openalex.org/W6640598943","https://openalex.org/W6651640117","https://openalex.org/W6678890848","https://openalex.org/W6679844565","https://openalex.org/W6679886112","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6685240610","https://openalex.org/W6685520387","https://openalex.org/W6685719389","https://openalex.org/W6688086495","https://openalex.org/W6691459498","https://openalex.org/W6691704032","https://openalex.org/W6691746754","https://openalex.org/W6692004142","https://openalex.org/W6697449767","https://openalex.org/W6698283394","https://openalex.org/W6714009352","https://openalex.org/W6729263887","https://openalex.org/W6729654139","https://openalex.org/W6729938257","https://openalex.org/W6730073950","https://openalex.org/W6730666313","https://openalex.org/W6732742072","https://openalex.org/W6733021206","https://openalex.org/W6746261267","https://openalex.org/W6750372648","https://openalex.org/W6751097180","https://openalex.org/W6753662501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W789212384","https://openalex.org/W3110487192","https://openalex.org/W2385523244","https://openalex.org/W2294656192","https://openalex.org/W2361173975","https://openalex.org/W2367360526","https://openalex.org/W2991661958","https://openalex.org/W183477011","https://openalex.org/W2729980466","https://openalex.org/W3194727457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"user":[1],"can":[2],"scan":[3],"through":[4],"a":[5,25,75,81],"text":[6,44],"easily,":[7],"but":[8],"it":[9],"is":[10,33,74],"not":[11,91],"the":[12,43,92,99,103,114,121,128,149,156],"case":[13],"for":[14,42,66,79,86],"spoken":[15,31,56,70,134],"content,":[16],"because":[17],"they":[18],"cannot":[19],"be":[20,49],"directly":[21],"displayed":[22],"on-screen.":[23],"As":[24],"result,":[26],"accessing":[27],"large":[28],"collections":[29],"of":[30,69,117,124,151,158],"content":[32],"much":[34],"more":[35],"difficult":[36],"and":[37,106,120],"time-consuming":[38],"than":[39],"doing":[40],"so":[41],"content.":[45,57,71],"It":[46],"would":[47],"therefore":[48],"helpful":[50],"to":[51,154],"develop":[52],"machines":[53],"that":[54,98,139],"understand":[55],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61,137,147],"propose":[62,148],"two":[63],"new":[64],"tasks":[65],"machine":[67,145],"comprehension":[68,77,131],"The":[72],"first":[73],"listening":[76,130],"test":[78],"TOEFL,":[80],"challenging":[82],"academic":[83],"English":[84,87,94],"examination":[85],"learners":[88],"who":[89],"are":[90],"native":[93],"speakers.":[95],"We":[96],"show":[97],"proposed":[100],"model":[101],"outperforms":[102],"naive":[104],"approaches":[105],"other":[107],"neural":[108],"network":[109],"based":[110],"models":[111],"by":[112],"exploiting":[113],"hierarchical":[115],"structures":[116],"natural":[118],"languages":[119],"selective":[122],"power":[123],"attention":[125],"mechanism.":[126],"For":[127],"second":[129],"task":[132],"-":[133,136],"SQuAD":[135],"find":[138],"speech":[140],"recognition":[141],"errors":[142],"severely":[143],"impair":[144],"comprehension;":[146],"use":[150],"subword":[152],"units":[153],"mitigate":[155],"impact":[157],"these":[159],"errors.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}