{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769268658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2017.2758164","title":"EEG Classification of Covert Speech Using Regularized Neural Networks","display_name":"EEG Classification of Covert Speech Using Regularized Neural Networks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769268658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2017.2758164","mag":"2769268658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2017.2758164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2017.2758164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020356231","display_name":"Alborz Rezazadeh Sereshkeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-646X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801420703","display_name":"Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03qea8398","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801420703"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alborz Rezazadeh Sereshkeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-646X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801420703","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001161084","display_name":"Robert Trott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4989-4343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Trott","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, S.A., Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, S.A., Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060777616","display_name":"Aur\u00e9lien Bricout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2059-7276"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aurelien Bricout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Information Technology, Polytech Grenoble, St-Martin-d'Heres, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2059-7276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Technology, Polytech Grenoble, St-Martin-d'Heres, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084071828","display_name":"Tom Chau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-0316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801420703","display_name":"Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03qea8398","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801420703"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Chau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-0316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801420703","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020356231"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I2801420703"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4918,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":120,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95281999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"12","first_page":"2292","last_page":"2300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7518764734268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6647858023643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6524127125740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5889004468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.5883508324623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48343050479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4555649757385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.4520058035850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44948679208755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4194835424423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33304911851882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2461714744567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.19313234090805054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7518764734268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6647858023643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6524127125740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5889004468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.5883508324623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48343050479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4555649757385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.4520058035850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44948679208755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4194835424423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33304911851882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2461714744567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.19313234090805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2017.2758164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2017.2758164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587053050","https://openalex.org/W1589773091","https://openalex.org/W1599001363","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1840338487","https://openalex.org/W1990746954","https://openalex.org/W1993716436","https://openalex.org/W2007050140","https://openalex.org/W2008120082","https://openalex.org/W2011225545","https://openalex.org/W2021098468","https://openalex.org/W2026709173","https://openalex.org/W2028664989","https://openalex.org/W2038971444","https://openalex.org/W2057219090","https://openalex.org/W2063333067","https://openalex.org/W2066783542","https://openalex.org/W2075647286","https://openalex.org/W2077991879","https://openalex.org/W2128909182","https://openalex.org/W2132549764","https://openalex.org/W2135961926","https://openalex.org/W2151544568","https://openalex.org/W2154777661","https://openalex.org/W2157211812","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2324394234","https://openalex.org/W2337065964","https://openalex.org/W2507937192","https://openalex.org/W2552318115","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2751318774","https://openalex.org/W2768153200","https://openalex.org/W2990168612","https://openalex.org/W3139562178","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W2047816336","https://openalex.org/W2944296668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Communication":[0],"using":[1,192],"brain-computer":[2],"interfaces":[3],"(BCIs)":[4],"can":[5],"be":[6],"non-intuitive,":[7],"often":[8],"requiring":[9],"the":[10,24,63,67,109,146,176,188,195,220],"performance":[11],"of":[12,26,51,66,88,102,111,126,134,153,175,191,197,209,222],"a":[13,213],"conversation-irrelevant":[14],"task":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17,212],"hand":[18],"motor":[19],"imagery.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22,186],"paper,":[23],"reliability":[25],"electroencephalography":[27],"(EEG)":[28],"signals":[29],"in":[30,108,181],"discriminating":[31],"between":[32],"different":[33],"covert":[34,112,199,210],"speech":[35,113,200,211],"tasks":[36,55],"is":[37,187],"investigated.":[38],"Twelve":[39],"participants,":[40],"across":[41,201],"two":[42],"sessions":[43],"each,":[44],"were":[45],"asked":[46],"to":[47,82,173,219],"perform":[48],"multiple":[49,202],"iterations":[50],"three":[52,85],"differing":[53],"mental":[54,64],"for":[56,96,194,226],"10":[57],"s":[58],"each:":[59],"unconstrained":[60],"rest":[61,92],"or":[62,70],"repetition":[65],"words":[68],"\u201cyes\u201d":[69,127],"\u201cno.\u201d":[71],"A":[72],"multilayer":[73],"perceptron":[74],"(MLP)":[75],"artificial":[76],"neural":[77],"network":[78,167],"(ANN)":[79],"was":[80,106],"used":[81],"classify":[83],"all":[84,118,158],"pairwise":[86],"combinations":[87],"\u201cyes,\u201d":[89],"\u201cno,\u201d":[90],"and":[91,94],"trials":[93,114],"also":[95],"ternary":[97,147],"classification.":[98],"An":[99],"average":[100,132,151],"accuracy":[101,133,152],"75.7%":[103],"\u00b1":[104,136,155],"9.6":[105],"reached":[107],"classification":[110,125,148,179,196],"versus":[115,128],"rest,":[116],"with":[117,138,157],"participants":[119,140,159],"exceeding":[120,160],"chance":[121,142,161],"level":[122,143,162],"(57.8%).":[123,144],"The":[124,164],"\u201cno\u201d":[129],"yielded":[130,149],"an":[131,150],"63.2":[135],"6.4":[137],"ten":[139],"surpassing":[141],"Finally,":[145],"54.1%":[154],"9.7":[156],"(39.1%).":[163],"proposed":[165],"MLP":[166],"provided":[168],"significantly":[169],"higher":[170],"accuracies":[171],"compared":[172],"some":[174],"most":[177],"common":[178],"techniques":[180],"BCI.":[182],"To":[183],"our":[184],"knowledge,":[185],"first":[189],"report":[190],"ANN":[193],"EEG":[198],"sessions.":[203],"Our":[204],"findings":[205],"support":[206],"further":[207],"study":[208],"BCI":[214],"activation":[215],"task,":[216],"potentially":[217],"leading":[218],"development":[221],"more":[223],"intuitive":[224],"BCIs":[225],"communication.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}