{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294013337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2016.2526653","title":"Anti-Spoofing for Text-Independent Speaker Verification: An Initial Database, Comparison of Countermeasures, and Human Performance","display_name":"Anti-Spoofing for Text-Independent Speaker Verification: An Initial Database, Comparison of Countermeasures, and Human Performance","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294013337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2016.2526653","mag":"2294013337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2016.2526653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2016.2526653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/23633610/tasl16_sas_1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102765381","display_name":"Zhizheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1192-9857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhizheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030748919","display_name":"Phillip L. De Leon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7665-9632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip L. De Leon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016845689","display_name":"Cenk Demiro\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6160-3169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44925452","display_name":"\u00d6zye\u011fin University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jjhfr75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cenk Demiroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072054157","display_name":"Ali Khodabakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-4140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44925452","display_name":"\u00d6zye\u011fin University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jjhfr75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Khodabakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062516688","display_name":"Simon King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2694-2843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059767940","display_name":"Zhen-Hua Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7853-5273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen-Hua Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010841595","display_name":"Daisuke Saito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3200-579X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisuke Saito","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109203546","display_name":"Bryan Stewart","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078330211","display_name":"Tomoki Toda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8146-1279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoki Toda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060282305","display_name":"Mirjam Wester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-0081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirjam Wester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007639385","display_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.3203,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99114869,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"768","last_page":"783"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9856150150299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7891610264778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-verification","display_name":"Speaker verification","score":0.7822387218475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.7406445145606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6171045899391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.495705246925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.43910202383995056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3926413357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35914528369903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07998943328857422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9856150150299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7891610264778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982762665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker verification","level":3,"score":0.7822387218475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7406445145606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6171045899391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.495705246925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.43910202383995056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3926413357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35914528369903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07998943328857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2016.2526653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2016.2526653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/23633610/tasl16_sas_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wu, Z, De Leon, P, Demiroglu, C, Khodabakhsh, A, King, S, Ling, Z, Saito, D, Stewart, B, Toda, T, Wester, M & Yamagishi, J 2016, 'Anti-Spoofing for Text-Independent Speaker Verification: An Initial Database, Comparison of Countermeasures, and Human Performance', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 768 - 783. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASLP.2016.2526653","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:eresearch.ozyegin.edu.tr:10679/4086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10679/4086","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wu, Z, De Leon, P, Demiroglu, C, Khodabakhsh, A, King, S, Ling, Z, Saito, D, Stewart, B, Toda, T, Wester, M & Yamagishi, J 2016, 'Anti-Spoofing for Text-Independent Speaker Verification: An Initial Database, Comparison of Countermeasures, and Human Performance', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 768 - 783. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASLP.2016.2526653","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/2b4c16d5-8be8-4c2c-bb8f-35ef67f50b13","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/23633610/tasl16_sas_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wu, Z, De Leon, P, Demiroglu, C, Khodabakhsh, A, King, S, Ling, Z, Saito, D, Stewart, B, Toda, T, Wester, M & Yamagishi, J 2016, 'Anti-Spoofing for Text-Independent Speaker Verification: An Initial Database, Comparison of Countermeasures, and Human Performance', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 768 - 783. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASLP.2016.2526653","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3007105200","display_name":"Deep architectures for statistical speech synthesis","funder_award_id":"EP/J002526/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3790594077","display_name":"Natural Speech Technology","funder_award_id":"EP/I031022/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4055593462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I031022/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6082203376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J002526/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2294013337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2294013337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8362967","https://openalex.org/W11511395","https://openalex.org/W19839536","https://openalex.org/W75992864","https://openalex.org/W118315650","https://openalex.org/W174866149","https://openalex.org/W204204962","https://openalex.org/W282499614","https://openalex.org/W424536787","https://openalex.org/W1507099578","https://openalex.org/W1519782245","https://openalex.org/W1523135049","https://openalex.org/W1538611796","https://openalex.org/W1550612414","https://openalex.org/W1570629387","https://openalex.org/W1707026573","https://openalex.org/W1963854073","https://openalex.org/W1965255698","https://openalex.org/W1971394578","https://openalex.org/W1980581462","https://openalex.org/W2000513720","https://openalex.org/W2004332820","https://openalex.org/W2005438552","https://openalex.org/W2009396100","https://openalex.org/W2014485509","https://openalex.org/W2023429583","https://openalex.org/W2023737427","https://openalex.org/W2024490156","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2047346462","https://openalex.org/W2049686551","https://openalex.org/W2053019885","https://openalex.org/W2058266664","https://openalex.org/W2062703747","https://openalex.org/W2064463502","https://openalex.org/W2072473772","https://openalex.org/W2085803031","https://openalex.org/W2090732533","https://openalex.org/W2093450784","https://openalex.org/W2107638917","https://openalex.org/W2117544888","https://openalex.org/W2120605154","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W2128466129","https://openalex.org/W2129142580","https://openalex.org/W2133420453","https://openalex.org/W2134706965","https://openalex.org/W2138878452","https://openalex.org/W2140348518","https://openalex.org/W2141074280","https://openalex.org/W2143076824","https://openalex.org/W2143597468","https://openalex.org/W2145212718","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2159786793","https://openalex.org/W2161556939","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2168254078","https://openalex.org/W2168561756","https://openalex.org/W2176804518","https://openalex.org/W2260330803","https://openalex.org/W2293306785","https://openalex.org/W2293407848","https://openalex.org/W2296422624","https://openalex.org/W2296704011","https://openalex.org/W2331222812","https://openalex.org/W2344822617","https://openalex.org/W2397379842","https://openalex.org/W2399107382","https://openalex.org/W2405506115","https://openalex.org/W2405641138","https://openalex.org/W2406654659","https://openalex.org/W2428180336","https://openalex.org/W2468858848","https://openalex.org/W2548055032","https://openalex.org/W3143522270","https://openalex.org/W6600361816","https://openalex.org/W6600449757","https://openalex.org/W6600801530","https://openalex.org/W6604792588","https://openalex.org/W6607058271","https://openalex.org/W6608211636","https://openalex.org/W6630429238","https://openalex.org/W6632379913","https://openalex.org/W6632908759","https://openalex.org/W6680863365","https://openalex.org/W6681278112","https://openalex.org/W6685748340","https://openalex.org/W6696640490","https://openalex.org/W6697285287","https://openalex.org/W6697695168","https://openalex.org/W6704529918","https://openalex.org/W6712633022","https://openalex.org/W6712741350","https://openalex.org/W6713535213","https://openalex.org/W6713679595","https://openalex.org/W6713754742","https://openalex.org/W6729633544","https://openalex.org/W7061913096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4294437891","https://openalex.org/W4226389478","https://openalex.org/W4297792928","https://openalex.org/W4221161333","https://openalex.org/W3113108043","https://openalex.org/W2061278248","https://openalex.org/W4298202768","https://openalex.org/W1914348842","https://openalex.org/W2331222812","https://openalex.org/W2624476901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,101],"present":[4],"a":[5,16,25,55,87],"systematic":[6],"study":[7],"of":[8,11,19,28,32,44,57],"the":[9,29,42,80,96],"vulnerability":[10,43],"automatic":[12,103],"speaker":[13,46,110],"verification":[14,47,111],"to":[15,59,78,95],"diverse":[17],"range":[18],"spoofing":[20,30,61,72,88,113],"attacks.":[21,51],"We":[22,52],"start":[23],"with":[24],"thorough":[26],"analysis":[27],"effects":[31],"five":[33],"speech":[34],"synthesis":[35],"and":[36,41,66,112],"eight":[37],"voice":[38],"conversion":[39],"systems,":[40],"three":[45],"systems":[48,73,104],"under":[49],"those":[50],"then":[53],"introduce":[54],"number":[56],"countermeasures":[58,97],"prevent":[60],"attacks":[62],"from":[63],"both":[64,109],"known":[65],"unknown":[67,84],"attackers.":[68],"Known":[69],"attackers":[70],"are":[71],"whose":[74,90],"output":[75,91],"was":[76,92],"used":[77],"train":[79],"countermeasures,":[81],"while":[82],"an":[83],"attacker":[85],"is":[86],"system":[89],"not":[93],"available":[94],"during":[98],"training.":[99],"Finally,":[100],"benchmark":[102],"against":[105],"human":[106],"performance":[107],"on":[108],"detection":[114],"tasks.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}