{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093790824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2405751","title":"Adequacy\u2013Fluency Metrics: Evaluating MT in the Continuous Space Model Framework","display_name":"Adequacy\u2013Fluency Metrics: Evaluating MT in the Continuous Space Model Framework","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093790824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2405751","mag":"2093790824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2015.2405751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2405751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022050902","display_name":"Rafael E. Banchs","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafael E. Banchs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology Department, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology Department, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024161267","display_name":"Luis Fernando D\u2019Haro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3411-7384"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis F. D'Haro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology Department of ${\\hbox {I}}^{2}{\\hbox {R}}$ , Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology Department of ${\\hbox {I}}^{2}{\\hbox {R}}$ , Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032690182","display_name":"Haizhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","Human Language Technology Department, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology Department, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022050902"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97991619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"472","last_page":"482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7847063541412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluency","display_name":"Fluency","score":0.6764585971832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6486185193061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6195800304412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.573672354221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5405598282814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5236782431602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5049408078193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48037537932395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-equivalence","display_name":"Semantic equivalence","score":0.4803248941898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.47871994972229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-of-machine-translation","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","score":0.4363265037536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoupling","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","score":0.4307512640953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.35949239134788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.2867546081542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.20731142163276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.12692490220069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-computing","display_name":"Semantic computing","score":0.08404666185379028}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7847063541412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.6764585971832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6486185193061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6195800304412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.573672354221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5405598282814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5236782431602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5049408078193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48037537932395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37926939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449061","display_name":"Semantic equivalence","level":4,"score":0.4803248941898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.47871994972229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.4363265037536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.4307512640953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.35949239134788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.2867546081542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.20731142163276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12692490220069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511149849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449051","display_name":"Semantic computing","level":3,"score":0.08404666185379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2015.2405751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2405751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/123464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/123464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71795751","https://openalex.org/W105964407","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1562458182","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1603508585","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1836793741","https://openalex.org/W2005423095","https://openalex.org/W2018869373","https://openalex.org/W2032175749","https://openalex.org/W2070150502","https://openalex.org/W2078861931","https://openalex.org/W2088128168","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2112163934","https://openalex.org/W2114584278","https://openalex.org/W2121029939","https://openalex.org/W2123724244","https://openalex.org/W2144746247","https://openalex.org/W2147192413","https://openalex.org/W2148504207","https://openalex.org/W2148811968","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2154486363","https://openalex.org/W2158997610","https://openalex.org/W2163007128","https://openalex.org/W2165612380","https://openalex.org/W2250445771","https://openalex.org/W2250835812","https://openalex.org/W2251251208","https://openalex.org/W2251445141","https://openalex.org/W2251610689","https://openalex.org/W2251855842","https://openalex.org/W2276605909","https://openalex.org/W2917452219","https://openalex.org/W2992809543","https://openalex.org/W3037252522","https://openalex.org/W3144078281","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6602989467","https://openalex.org/W6604236903","https://openalex.org/W6635911828","https://openalex.org/W6636811518","https://openalex.org/W6638650434","https://openalex.org/W6676651215","https://openalex.org/W6676690467","https://openalex.org/W6678584206","https://openalex.org/W6681703963","https://openalex.org/W6682109748","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6682826608","https://openalex.org/W6691328000","https://openalex.org/W6691432670","https://openalex.org/W6692049001","https://openalex.org/W6694607582","https://openalex.org/W6771715580","https://openalex.org/W6779514328","https://openalex.org/W6792453679","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3151736118","https://openalex.org/W3097971125","https://openalex.org/W2962780935","https://openalex.org/W2026303297","https://openalex.org/W4387490002","https://openalex.org/W3196981096","https://openalex.org/W2395826315","https://openalex.org/W2169279899","https://openalex.org/W2532807140","https://openalex.org/W2152633844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"extends":[2],"and":[3,31,38,64,92],"evaluates":[4],"a":[5,47,81,93,119],"two-dimensional":[6],"automatic":[7,116],"evaluation":[8],"metric":[9,23],"for":[10],"machine":[11],"translation,":[12],"which":[13],"is":[14,24],"designed":[15],"to":[16,45],"operate":[17],"at":[18,34],"the":[19,27,42,88,98],"sentence":[20],"level.":[21],"The":[22],"based":[25],"on":[26,51,87],"concepts":[28],"of":[29,41,101],"adequacy":[30],"fluency,":[32],"aiming":[33],"decoupling":[35],"both":[36],"semantic":[37],"syntactic":[39],"components":[40],"translation":[43,52],"process":[44],"provide":[46],"more":[48],"balanced":[49],"view":[50],"quality.":[53],"These":[54],"two":[55],"elements":[56],"are":[57,79,108],"independently":[58],"evaluated":[59,109],"by":[60,110],"using":[61],"continuous":[62],"space":[63],"<formula":[65],"formulatype=\"inline\"":[66],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[67],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex":[68],"Notation=\"TeX\">$n$</tex>":[69],"</formula>":[70],"-gram":[71],"language":[72,90],"modeling":[73],"frameworks,":[74],"respectively.":[75],"Two":[76],"different":[77,123],"implementations":[78,107],"evaluated:":[80],"monolingual":[82],"version":[83,95],"that":[84,96],"fully":[85],"operates":[86],"target":[89],"side,":[91],"cross-language":[94],"has":[97],"main":[99],"advantage":[100],"not":[102],"requiring":[103],"reference":[104],"translations.":[105],"Both":[106],"comparing":[111],"their":[112],"performance":[113],"with":[114],"state-of-the-art":[115],"metrics":[117],"over":[118],"dataset":[120],"involving":[121],"five":[122],"European":[124],"languages.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
