{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041375131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2395255","title":"Deep Learning Framework with Confused Sub-Set Resolution Architecture for Automatic Arabic Diacritization","display_name":"Deep Learning Framework with Confused Sub-Set Resolution Architecture for Automatic Arabic Diacritization","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041375131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2395255","mag":"2041375131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2015.2395255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2395255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030016694","display_name":"Mohsen Rashwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-5408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen A. A. Rashwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Engineering Company for the Development of Computer Systems (RDI), Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Company for the Development of Computer Systems (RDI), Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006404143","display_name":"Ahmad A. Al Sallab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I220619192","display_name":"Valeo (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ryqpf83","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]}],"countries":["EG","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad A. Al Sallab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Valeo Interbranch Automotive Sotware, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo Interbranch Automotive Sotware, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060184747","display_name":"Hazem Raafat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7356-5078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazem M. Raafat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058725522","display_name":"Ahmed Rafea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8109-1845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80693520","display_name":"American University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yqn58","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Rafea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97520066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"505","last_page":"516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8371869325637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6841920614242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modern-standard-arabic","display_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","score":0.6729391813278198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6540061831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.6526873111724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.639447808265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5789766907691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4820602536201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3981015682220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.331292986869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.12099605798721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0694909393787384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8371869325637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6841920614242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778243841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56467","display_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","level":3,"score":0.6729391813278198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6540061831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.6526873111724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.639447808265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5789766907691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4820602536201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3981015682220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.331292986869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12099605798721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0694909393787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2015.2395255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2015.2395255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109613320","https://openalex.org/W2118687270","https://openalex.org/W2136534344","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2143719855","https://openalex.org/W2153186553","https://openalex.org/W2164700406","https://openalex.org/W2251012068","https://openalex.org/W6682169391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2620283452","https://openalex.org/W4322750817","https://openalex.org/W4245232085","https://openalex.org/W2801712537","https://openalex.org/W587642979","https://openalex.org/W2894059694","https://openalex.org/W3173761424","https://openalex.org/W4299493485","https://openalex.org/W589191641","https://openalex.org/W617130659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Arabic":[1,17,38,65,113],"language":[2],"belongs":[3],"to":[4,56,63,78,120,128,132,152,158,161],"a":[5,44],"group":[6],"of":[7,140,165],"languages":[8],"that":[9,48],"require":[10],"diacritization":[11],"over":[12,144,177],"their":[13],"characters.":[14],"Modern":[15],"Standard":[16,108],"(MSA)":[18],"transcripts":[19],"omit":[20],"the":[21,50,58,111,141,148,166,173,178],"diacritics,":[22],"which":[23,81],"are":[24,116],"essential":[25],"for":[26],"many":[27],"machine":[28],"learning":[29,46],"tasks":[30],"like":[31,110],"Text-To-Speech":[32],"(TTS)":[33],"systems.":[34,181],"In":[35],"this":[36],"work":[37],"diacritics":[39],"restoration":[40],"is":[41,76,92],"tackled":[42],"under":[43],"deep":[45,71],"framework":[47,69],"includes":[49],"Confused":[51],"Sub-set":[52],"Resolution":[53],"(CSR)":[54],"method":[55],"improve":[57],"classification":[59,150,156],"accuracy,":[60],"in":[61,88,98,118,170],"addition":[62,119],"an":[64],"Part-of-Speech":[66],"(PoS)":[67],"tagging":[68],"using":[70],"neural":[72],"nets.":[73],"Special":[74],"focus":[75],"given":[77],"syntactic":[79,149],"diacritization,":[80],"still":[82],"suffers":[83],"low":[84],"accuracy":[85],"as":[86],"indicated":[87],"prior":[89],"works.":[90],"Evaluation":[91],"done":[93],"versus":[94],"state-of-the-art":[95],"systems":[96],"reported":[97,168,180],"literature,":[99,171],"with":[100],"quite":[101],"challenging":[102],"datasets":[103,109],"collected":[104],"from":[105],"different":[106],"domains.":[107],"LDC":[112],"Tree":[114],"Bank":[115],"used":[117],"custom":[121],"ones":[122],"we":[123],"have":[124],"made":[125],"available":[126],"online":[127],"allow":[129],"other":[130,145],"researchers":[131],"replicate":[133],"these":[134],"results.":[135],"Results":[136],"show":[137],"significant":[138],"improvement":[139],"proposed":[142],"techniques":[143],"approaches,":[146],"reducing":[147],"error":[151,157,174],"9.9%":[153],"and":[154,163],"morphological":[155],"3%":[159],"compared":[160],"12.7%":[162],"3.8%":[164],"best":[167,179],"results":[169],"improving":[172],"by":[175],"22%":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}