{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2042700175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2014.2375558","title":"Cooperative Learning and its Application to Emotion Recognition from Speech","display_name":"Cooperative Learning and its Application to Emotion Recognition from Speech","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2042700175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2014.2375558","mag":"2042700175"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2014.2375558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2014.2375558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036056631","display_name":"Zixing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034958832","display_name":"Eduardo Coutinho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-1497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Coutinho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany","School of Music, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Music, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100759486","display_name":"Jun Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3196-8690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043060302","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn W. Schuller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-8699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjoern Schuller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Complex Systems Engineering, University of Passau (Germany), Passau, Germany","Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Complex Systems Engineering, University of Passau (Germany), Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence & Signal Processing Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t, M\u00fcnchen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":121,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98503368,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.726693868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7068684697151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6958105564117432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.6825129389762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5070075988769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5064204931259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4851013422012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4847090244293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.48464900255203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.458048015832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.45601916313171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1352657973766327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.726693868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7068684697151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6958105564117432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.6825129389762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5070075988769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5064204931259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4851013422012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4847090244293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.48464900255203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.458048015832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.45601916313171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1352657973766327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taslp.2014.2375558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2014.2375558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:72550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/72550/72550.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3308378048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"338164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3766993731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"338164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4380156357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"230331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107306860","https://openalex.org/W123226248","https://openalex.org/W147964346","https://openalex.org/W179777611","https://openalex.org/W567437002","https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1484084878","https://openalex.org/W1501669607","https://openalex.org/W1514707997","https://openalex.org/W1549656520","https://openalex.org/W1566499617","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1975205701","https://openalex.org/W1975954951","https://openalex.org/W1987048275","https://openalex.org/W1990334093","https://openalex.org/W2004942499","https://openalex.org/W2009059481","https://openalex.org/W2014169600","https://openalex.org/W2027052150","https://openalex.org/W2029349470","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2055332436","https://openalex.org/W2058419974","https://openalex.org/W2058787788","https://openalex.org/W2074788634","https://openalex.org/W2083094940","https://openalex.org/W2085662862","https://openalex.org/W2096623936","https://openalex.org/W2103412248","https://openalex.org/W2106814891","https://openalex.org/W2113087918","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2124737236","https://openalex.org/W2125462608","https://openalex.org/W2127816222","https://openalex.org/W2133019815","https://openalex.org/W2136504847","https://openalex.org/W2155986100","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2157844051","https://openalex.org/W2161391345","https://openalex.org/W2171671120","https://openalex.org/W2186645669","https://openalex.org/W2398014749","https://openalex.org/W2761800815","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2914997028","https://openalex.org/W4205687621","https://openalex.org/W4210997624","https://openalex.org/W4230674625","https://openalex.org/W4234016251","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4254718357","https://openalex.org/W6604296810","https://openalex.org/W6628826841","https://openalex.org/W6678881507","https://openalex.org/W6745028529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056314584","https://openalex.org/W1586607209","https://openalex.org/W122912556","https://openalex.org/W4312414840","https://openalex.org/W1492505081","https://openalex.org/W2621411691","https://openalex.org/W2271357838","https://openalex.org/W1986633584","https://openalex.org/W2556866732","https://openalex.org/W2168489430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,123],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,125],"propose":[4],"a":[5,58,92,145],"novel":[6],"method":[7,129,161],"for":[8,168],"highly":[9],"efficient":[10],"exploitation":[11],"of":[12,19,30,35,42,95,134,144],"unlabeled":[13],"data-Cooperative":[14],"Learning.":[15],"Our":[16],"approach":[17],"consists":[18],"combining":[20],"Active":[21,114,135],"Learning":[22,25,44,110,117,136],"and":[23,53,72,100,115,137,163],"Semi-Supervised":[24,116],"techniques,":[26],"with":[27,63,74,91],"the":[28,32,48,132,141,149,166],"aim":[29],"reducing":[31],"costly":[33],"effects":[34],"human":[36,52,70,169],"annotation.":[37],"The":[38,105],"core":[39],"underlying":[40],"idea":[41],"Cooperative":[43,109],"is":[45],"to":[46,69,140],"share":[47],"labeling":[49],"work":[50],"between":[51],"machine":[54,79],"efficiently":[55,162],"in":[56,119],"such":[57],"way":[59],"that":[60,108,127],"instances":[61,99],"predicted":[62],"insufficient":[64],"confidence":[65,76],"value":[66],"are":[67,78],"subject":[68],"labeling,":[71],"those":[73],"high":[75],"values":[77],"labeled.":[80],"We":[81],"conducted":[82],"various":[83],"test":[84,121],"runs":[85],"on":[86,131,148],"two":[87,101],"emotion":[88],"recognition":[89],"tasks":[90],"variable":[93],"number":[94],"initial":[96],"supervised":[97],"training":[98,151],"different":[102],"feature":[103],"sets.":[104],"results":[106],"show":[107,126],"consistently":[111],"outperforms":[112],"individual":[113],"techniques":[118],"all":[120],"cases.":[122],"particular,":[124],"our":[128,160],"based":[130],"combination":[133],"Co-Training":[138],"leads":[139],"same":[142],"performance":[143],"model":[146],"trained":[147],"whole":[150],"set,":[152],"but":[153],"using":[154],"75%":[155],"fewer":[156],"labeled":[157],"instances.":[158],"Therefore,":[159],"robustly":[164],"reduces":[165],"need":[167],"annotations.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
