{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062295023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","title":"Natural Language Generation as Incremental Planning Under Uncertainty: Adaptive Information Presentation for Statistical Dialogue Systems","display_name":"Natural Language Generation as Incremental Planning Under Uncertainty: Adaptive Information Presentation for Statistical Dialogue Systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062295023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","mag":"2062295023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570655/6781022/06782700.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570655/6781022/06782700.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076593865","display_name":"Verena Rieser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-4395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Verena Rieser","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences (MACS), Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, UK","School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences (MACS), Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010949145","display_name":"Oliver Lemon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-4743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Lemon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences (MACS), Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, UK","School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences (MACS), Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062392738","display_name":"Simon Keizer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0173-8966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Keizer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB","School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0411,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96944278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"979","last_page":"994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7958533763885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"Natural language generation","score":0.7069038152694702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wizard","display_name":"Wizard","score":0.7055925130844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6293564438819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6229101419448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5722809433937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5579763054847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialog-system","display_name":"Dialog system","score":0.5245328545570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planner","display_name":"Planner","score":0.5128360390663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.502722978591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4934800863265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47666361927986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4637715220451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.409166157245636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.345367431640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15559610724449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialog-box","display_name":"Dialog box","score":0.1441328525543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7958533763885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.7069038152694702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580334","display_name":"Wizard","level":2,"score":0.7055925130844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6293564438819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6229101419448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5722809433937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5579763054847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190954187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270587","display_name":"Dialog system","level":3,"score":0.5245328545570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776999362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349274","display_name":"Planner","level":2,"score":0.5128360390663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.502722978591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4934800863265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47666361927986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4637715220451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.409166157245636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.345367431640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15559610724449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173853756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q86915","display_name":"Dialog box","level":2,"score":0.1441328525543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570655/6781022/06782700.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2014.2315271","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6570655/6781022/06782700.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169297","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"2329-9290","issn":["2329-9290","2329-9304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4608247269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G069840/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7934178587","display_name":"Scaling up Statistical Spoken Dialogue Systems for real user goals using automatic belief state compression","funder_award_id":"EP/G069840/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2062295023.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2062295023.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13152932","https://openalex.org/W13429294","https://openalex.org/W15599568","https://openalex.org/W40565524","https://openalex.org/W80498068","https://openalex.org/W83775542","https://openalex.org/W102921666","https://openalex.org/W119177792","https://openalex.org/W138074227","https://openalex.org/W154525918","https://openalex.org/W173168255","https://openalex.org/W264301034","https://openalex.org/W1239606701","https://openalex.org/W1485750786","https://openalex.org/W1487640415","https://openalex.org/W1491405411","https://openalex.org/W1533917153","https://openalex.org/W1534849418","https://openalex.org/W1549285799","https://openalex.org/W1670263352","https://openalex.org/W1681299129","https://openalex.org/W1695997110","https://openalex.org/W1769776978","https://openalex.org/W1863364010","https://openalex.org/W1974821254","https://openalex.org/W1978078764","https://openalex.org/W1980340273","https://openalex.org/W1987725259","https://openalex.org/W1996203119","https://openalex.org/W1997319212","https://openalex.org/W1997324468","https://openalex.org/W2009581706","https://openalex.org/W2018116724","https://openalex.org/W2021151961","https://openalex.org/W2026431544","https://openalex.org/W2028761012","https://openalex.org/W2045804781","https://openalex.org/W2057244568","https://openalex.org/W2064296938","https://openalex.org/W2080887205","https://openalex.org/W2096145771","https://openalex.org/W2099542783","https://openalex.org/W2100112405","https://openalex.org/W2106547558","https://openalex.org/W2110633879","https://openalex.org/W2111844954","https://openalex.org/W2114544007","https://openalex.org/W2115101920","https://openalex.org/W2119015791","https://openalex.org/W2120174393","https://openalex.org/W2128965063","https://openalex.org/W2129405869","https://openalex.org/W2137877387","https://openalex.org/W2138742901","https://openalex.org/W2138837597","https://openalex.org/W2139079654","https://openalex.org/W2147912840","https://openalex.org/W2149029524","https://openalex.org/W2155898337","https://openalex.org/W2158571448","https://openalex.org/W2160219061","https://openalex.org/W2161194389","https://openalex.org/W2161759936","https://openalex.org/W2163600070","https://openalex.org/W2169430966","https://openalex.org/W2172501646","https://openalex.org/W2408200822","https://openalex.org/W2438667436","https://openalex.org/W2476025067","https://openalex.org/W2598220062","https://openalex.org/W2612974748","https://openalex.org/W2759289620","https://openalex.org/W2911283634","https://openalex.org/W2962985670","https://openalex.org/W4232432298","https://openalex.org/W4235853093","https://openalex.org/W4299431168","https://openalex.org/W4301630257","https://openalex.org/W6600550501","https://openalex.org/W6600606791","https://openalex.org/W6601610340","https://openalex.org/W6603396199","https://openalex.org/W6604825516","https://openalex.org/W6605696453","https://openalex.org/W6606200460","https://openalex.org/W6629132593","https://openalex.org/W6629278289","https://openalex.org/W6629506451","https://openalex.org/W6632089592","https://openalex.org/W6632753169","https://openalex.org/W6637462809","https://openalex.org/W6637739935","https://openalex.org/W6639189532","https://openalex.org/W6675996357","https://openalex.org/W6676420490","https://openalex.org/W6677042946","https://openalex.org/W6678227554","https://openalex.org/W6680363687","https://openalex.org/W6680634817","https://openalex.org/W6681627890","https://openalex.org/W6682126362","https://openalex.org/W6683094211","https://openalex.org/W6683666221","https://openalex.org/W6683947407","https://openalex.org/W6735459462","https://openalex.org/W6744225537"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145036270","https://openalex.org/W1536348056","https://openalex.org/W3034878914","https://openalex.org/W3019688513","https://openalex.org/W1859944045","https://openalex.org/W1919759624","https://openalex.org/W3156493709","https://openalex.org/W1858107190","https://openalex.org/W1514499927","https://openalex.org/W581437709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"and":[2,49,67,72,141],"evaluate":[3],"a":[4,19,32,65,68,96,101,120,144,151,179,204,218],"novel":[5],"approach":[6],"to":[7,34,41,57,87,95,178,212],"natural":[8],"language":[9],"generation":[10,62],"(NLG)":[11],"in":[12,126,150,154,182],"statistical":[13,21],"spoken":[14],"dialogue":[15,170,207],"systems":[16],"(SDS)":[17],"using":[18],"data-driven":[20,97],"optimization":[22],"framework":[23],"for":[24,173],"incremental":[25],"information":[26,40],"presentation":[27],"(IP),":[28],"where":[29],"there":[30],"is":[31,55,85,134],"trade-off":[33],"be":[35],"solved":[36],"between":[37],"presenting":[38,105],"\u201cenough\"":[39],"the":[42,46,60,76,80,90,123,164,192,195],"user":[43,66],"while":[44],"keeping":[45],"utterances":[47],"short":[48],"understandable.":[50],"The":[51,132,160],"trained":[52,115,165],"IP":[53,77,91,113,147,166,196],"model":[54],"adaptive":[56],"variation":[58],"from":[59,217],"current":[61],"context":[63,214],"(e.g.":[64,216],"non-deterministic":[69],"sentence":[70],"planner),":[71],"it":[73],"incrementally":[74],"adapts":[75],"policy":[78,92,133],"at":[79],"turn":[81],"level.":[82],"Reinforcement":[83],"learning":[84],"used":[86,149],"automatically":[88],"optimize":[89],"with":[93,138,176,209],"respect":[94],"objective":[98],"function.":[99],"In":[100],"case":[102],"study":[103],"on":[104,116,143],"restaurant":[106],"information,":[107],"we":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110,163],"an":[111],"optimized":[112],"strategy":[114,148,167],"Wizard-of-Oz":[117],"data":[118],"outperforms":[119],"baseline":[121],"mimicking":[122],"wizard":[124],"behavior":[125],"terms":[127,155],"of":[128,156,194],"total":[129],"reward":[130],"gained.":[131],"then":[135],"also":[136,187],"tested":[137],"real":[139,174],"users,":[140,175],"improves":[142,169],"conventional":[145],"hand-coded":[146],"deployed":[152],"SDS":[153],"overall":[157],"task":[158,171,183],"success.":[159,184],"evaluation":[161],"found":[162],"significantly":[168],"completion":[172],"up":[177],"8.2%":[180],"increase":[181],"This":[185],"methodology":[186],"provides":[188],"new":[189],"insights":[190],"into":[191],"nature":[193],"problem,":[197],"which":[198],"has":[199],"previously":[200],"been":[201],"treated":[202],"as":[203],"module":[205],"following":[206],"management":[208],"no":[210],"access":[211],"lower-level":[213],"features":[215],"surface":[219],"realizer":[220],"and/or":[221],"speech":[222],"synthesizer).":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}