{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084983485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2013.2279318","title":"A Bag of Systems Representation for Music Auto-Tagging","display_name":"A Bag of Systems Representation for Music Auto-Tagging","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084983485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2013.2279318","mag":"2084983485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2013.2279318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2013.2279318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/a-bag-of-systems-representation-for-music-auto-tagging","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110683326","display_name":"Katherine Ellis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041981312","display_name":"Emanuele Coviello","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Coviello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065680386","display_name":"Antoni B. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2886-2513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoni B. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Department of Computer Science; City University of Hong Kong; Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science; City University of Hong Kong; Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003709708","display_name":"Gert Lanckriet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gert Lanckriet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9427,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9109323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"12","first_page":"2554","last_page":"2569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.724410891532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.719179093837738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.7031377553939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5930547118186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5347864627838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5247825980186462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical","display_name":"Musical","score":0.4822864830493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4563828110694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4529411792755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tag-system","display_name":"Tag system","score":0.45043444633483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.4223024547100067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.37254977226257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17215445637702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1346311867237091}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.724410891532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.719179093837738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.7031377553939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5930547118186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5347864627838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5247825980186462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.4822864830493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4563828110694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4529411792755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75003639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3267583","display_name":"Tag system","level":2,"score":0.45043444633483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.4223024547100067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37254977226257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17215445637702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1346311867237091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2013.2279318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2013.2279318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/a-bag-of-systems-representation-for-music-auto-tagging","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/df8c51b2-8532-4d7d-b15a-cc38510de83d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/df8c51b2-8532-4d7d-b15a-cc38510de83d","pdf_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/files/194445243/5876945.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ellis, K, Coviello, E, Chan, A B & Lanckriet, G 2013, 'A bag of systems representation for music auto-tagging', IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, vol. 21, no. 12, 6583960, pp. 2554-2569. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2013.2279318","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/a-bag-of-systems-representation-for-music-auto-tagging","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1159725035","display_name":"CAREER:  An Integrated Framework for Multimodal Music Search and Discovery","funder_award_id":"1054960","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4347702463","display_name":"Large-vocabulary Semantic Image Processing: Theory and Algorithms","funder_award_id":"0830535","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6032725648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0830535","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W161183367","https://openalex.org/W172133891","https://openalex.org/W190299453","https://openalex.org/W263845233","https://openalex.org/W774383936","https://openalex.org/W1560013842","https://openalex.org/W1562529351","https://openalex.org/W1994961469","https://openalex.org/W2049086631","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2066888771","https://openalex.org/W2075817192","https://openalex.org/W2083383166","https://openalex.org/W2089083003","https://openalex.org/W2098054369","https://openalex.org/W2101469999","https://openalex.org/W2106326596","https://openalex.org/W2107789863","https://openalex.org/W2108672713","https://openalex.org/W2108674937","https://openalex.org/W2113229563","https://openalex.org/W2116373735","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2119603452","https://openalex.org/W2130426352","https://openalex.org/W2130865646","https://openalex.org/W2133824856","https://openalex.org/W2140013053","https://openalex.org/W2141535112","https://openalex.org/W2144383041","https://openalex.org/W2151531457","https://openalex.org/W2160560153","https://openalex.org/W2162124943","https://openalex.org/W2162616721","https://openalex.org/W2164296866","https://openalex.org/W2164877274","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2394619449","https://openalex.org/W2402396424","https://openalex.org/W2404938947","https://openalex.org/W2406196141","https://openalex.org/W2912155302","https://openalex.org/W2914885528","https://openalex.org/W3003413895","https://openalex.org/W6606613475","https://openalex.org/W6606950356","https://openalex.org/W6607690849","https://openalex.org/W6622480418","https://openalex.org/W6675093649","https://openalex.org/W6676071220","https://openalex.org/W6676823600","https://openalex.org/W6677656871","https://openalex.org/W6680873201","https://openalex.org/W6680980493","https://openalex.org/W6682443497","https://openalex.org/W6683737379","https://openalex.org/W6683889009","https://openalex.org/W6711684101","https://openalex.org/W6713050594","https://openalex.org/W6713465158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W2280377497","https://openalex.org/W3174044702","https://openalex.org/W4238433571","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4283803360","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4387506531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,12,24,31,41,56,79,93,132],"content-based":[3],"automatic":[4],"tagging":[5],"system":[6],"for":[7,63,69],"music":[8],"that":[9,44,142],"relies":[10],"on":[11],"high-level,":[13],"concise":[14],"\u201cBag":[15],"of":[16,20,23,34,50,66,89,113,121,127,138],"Systems\u201d":[17],"(BoS)":[18],"representation":[19,29,137],"the":[21,64,86,95,99,111,114,119,125],"characteristics":[22,49,88,123],"musical":[25,35,87],"piece.":[26],"The":[27],"BoS":[28,57,96,115,131],"leverages":[30],"rich":[32,136],"dictionary":[33],"codewords,":[36,60],"where":[37],"each":[38],"codeword":[39],"is":[40],"generative":[42,81,104],"model":[43,82],"captures":[45],"timbral":[46],"and":[47,135],"temporal":[48],"music.":[51,139],"Songs":[52],"are":[53],"represented":[54],"as":[55],"histogram":[58],"over":[59],"which":[61],"allows":[62],"use":[65],"traditional":[67],"algorithms":[68],"text":[70],"document":[71],"retrieval":[72],"to":[73,77,83,101,145],"perform":[74],"auto-tagging.":[75],"Compared":[76],"estimating":[78],"single":[80],"directly":[84],"capture":[85],"songs":[90],"associated":[91],"with":[92],"tag,":[94],"approach":[97],"offers":[98],"flexibility":[100],"combine":[102],"different":[103],"models":[105],"at":[106],"various":[107],"time":[108],"resolutions":[109],"through":[110],"selection":[112],"codewords.":[116],"Additionally,":[117],"decoupling":[118],"modeling":[120,126],"audio":[122],"from":[124],"tag-specific":[128],"patterns":[129],"makes":[130],"more":[133],"robust":[134],"Experiments":[140],"show":[141],"this":[143],"leads":[144],"superior":[146],"auto-tagging":[147],"performance.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
