{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2073228908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2012.2188516","title":"An End-to-End Machine Learning System for Harmonic Analysis of Music","display_name":"An End-to-End Machine Learning System for Harmonic Analysis of Music","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2073228908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2012.2188516","mag":"2073228908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2012.2188516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2012.2188516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013528584","display_name":"Yizhao Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-454X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhao Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","Dept. of Eng. Math., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng. Math., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017327131","display_name":"Matt McVicar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-4093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt McVicar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","Dept. of Eng. Math., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng. Math., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028764929","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Santos\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9576-3905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ra\u00fal Santos-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Theory and Communications Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Spain","Signal Theor. & Commun. Dept., Univ. Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Theor. & Commun. Dept., Univ. Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076045275","display_name":"Tijl De Bie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-7504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tijl De Bie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","Dept. of Eng. Math., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng. Math., Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9762221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"6","first_page":"1771","last_page":"1783"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7620413899421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loudness","display_name":"Loudness","score":0.6862460374832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chord","display_name":"Chord (peer-to-peer)","score":0.6304247379302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bass","display_name":"Bass (fish)","score":0.630359411239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical","display_name":"Musical","score":0.47286057472229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.46642810106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4548843204975128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.444953590631485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43251535296440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38291430473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.11003023386001587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7620413899421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79018884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622324","display_name":"Loudness","level":2,"score":0.6862460374832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194147245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076368","display_name":"Chord (peer-to-peer)","level":2,"score":0.6304247379302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777182073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224135","display_name":"Bass (fish)","level":2,"score":0.630359411239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.47286057472229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.46642810106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4548843204975128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.444953590631485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43251535296440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38291430473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.11003023386001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2012.2188516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2012.2188516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:publications/d801427c-c417-42bd-bed9-8431254c7b45","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/d801427c-c417-42bd-bed9-8431254c7b45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ni, Y, McVicar, M, Santos Rodriguez, R & De Bie, T E P 2012, 'An end-to-end machine learning system for harmonic analysis of music', IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1771-1783. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2012.2188516","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.767.4865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.767.4865","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1107.4969.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:6936400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/6936400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1558-7916","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/d801427c-c417-42bd-bed9-8431254c7b45","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6155600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ni , Y , McVicar , M , Santos Rodriguez , R & De Bie , T E P 2012 , ' An end-to-end machine learning system for harmonic analysis of music ' , IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing , vol. 20 , no. 6 , pp. 1771-1783 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2012.2188516","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G740199657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G056447/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309411","display_name":"University of California Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332564","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31231921","https://openalex.org/W96201376","https://openalex.org/W98493776","https://openalex.org/W137288188","https://openalex.org/W321544688","https://openalex.org/W1503560067","https://openalex.org/W1504032994","https://openalex.org/W1573410841","https://openalex.org/W1584222986","https://openalex.org/W1619472568","https://openalex.org/W1658054210","https://openalex.org/W1678216975","https://openalex.org/W1959865667","https://openalex.org/W1975929202","https://openalex.org/W1999854131","https://openalex.org/W2004361267","https://openalex.org/W2024595034","https://openalex.org/W2059443479","https://openalex.org/W2076608692","https://openalex.org/W2100772705","https://openalex.org/W2100984310","https://openalex.org/W2111007352","https://openalex.org/W2123577100","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2128064068","https://openalex.org/W2139686264","https://openalex.org/W2140912258","https://openalex.org/W2154473523","https://openalex.org/W2161297056","https://openalex.org/W2166435644","https://openalex.org/W2171717581","https://openalex.org/W2288998565","https://openalex.org/W2294150958","https://openalex.org/W2294376557","https://openalex.org/W2319171828","https://openalex.org/W2429914308","https://openalex.org/W2526314804","https://openalex.org/W2735901755","https://openalex.org/W2789784794","https://openalex.org/W3217467030","https://openalex.org/W4292080463","https://openalex.org/W4300659855","https://openalex.org/W4300787247","https://openalex.org/W6601308597","https://openalex.org/W6603884598","https://openalex.org/W6603977465","https://openalex.org/W6605537023","https://openalex.org/W6611145530","https://openalex.org/W6630180946","https://openalex.org/W6630250213","https://openalex.org/W6634930463","https://openalex.org/W6636552627","https://openalex.org/W6636930003","https://openalex.org/W6637315149","https://openalex.org/W6676368125","https://openalex.org/W6678448728","https://openalex.org/W6680627905","https://openalex.org/W6680659857","https://openalex.org/W6696357213","https://openalex.org/W6696995126","https://openalex.org/W6697297547","https://openalex.org/W6748938037","https://openalex.org/W6805302155","https://openalex.org/W6893119293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970025505","https://openalex.org/W2030358499","https://openalex.org/W1966585405","https://openalex.org/W2093863013","https://openalex.org/W2046078639","https://openalex.org/W2493561494","https://openalex.org/W2047358572","https://openalex.org/W2069086801","https://openalex.org/W2026861386","https://openalex.org/W2592942120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,46,110,122],"new":[3,47,123],"system":[4,22,67,141],"for":[5,68,130],"the":[6,20,25,55,65,90,139,154],"harmonic":[7],"analysis":[8],"of":[9,45,51,58,71,113,117],"popular":[10],"musical":[11],"audio.":[12],"It":[13,31],"is":[14,32,64,78,137,142],"focused":[15],"on":[16,81,128],"chord":[17],"estimation,":[18],"although":[19],"proposed":[21,140],"additionally":[23],"estimates":[24],"key":[26],"sequence":[27],"and":[28,74,150],"bass":[29,75],"notes.":[30],"distinct":[33],"from":[34,98],"competing":[35],"approaches":[36],"in":[37,101],"two":[38],"main":[39],"ways.":[40],"First,":[41],"it":[42,63,95],"makes":[43],"use":[44],"improved":[48],"chromagram":[49],"representation":[50],"audio":[52,104,129],"that":[53,77,94,125],"takes":[54],"human":[56],"perception":[57],"loudness":[59],"into":[60],"account.":[61],"Furthermore,":[62],"first":[66],"joint":[69],"estimation":[70],"chords,":[72],"keys,":[73],"notes":[76],"fully":[79],"based":[80],"machine":[82],"learning,":[83],"requiring":[84],"no":[85,132],"expert":[86],"knowledge":[87],"to":[88,109,144],"tune":[89],"parameters.":[91],"This":[92],"means":[93],"will":[96],"benefit":[97],"future":[99],"increases":[100],"available":[102],"annotated":[103],"files,":[105],"broadening":[106],"its":[107],"applicability":[108],"wider":[111],"range":[112],"genres.":[114],"In":[115],"all":[116],"three":[118],"evaluation":[119,127],"scenarios,":[120],"including":[121],"one":[124],"allows":[126],"which":[131],"complete":[133],"ground":[134],"truth":[135],"annotation":[136],"available,":[138],"shown":[143],"be":[145],"faster,":[146],"more":[147,151],"memory":[148],"efficient,":[149],"accurate":[152],"than":[153],"state-of-the-art.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}