{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132403634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2009.2014262","title":"Applications of Statistical Machine Translation Approaches to Spoken Language Understanding","display_name":"Applications of Statistical Machine Translation Approaches to Spoken Language Understanding","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132403634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2009.2014262","mag":"2132403634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2009.2014262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2009.2014262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008084569","display_name":"Klaus Macherey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Macherey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086701889","display_name":"Oliver Bender","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Bender","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93168006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"803","last_page":"818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8764697909355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7780240774154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.6795023679733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6446927189826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.625320553779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5920901894569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5631928443908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoken-language","display_name":"Spoken language","score":0.5603322982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4952823221683502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-maximum-entropy","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","score":0.4910013973712921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4722149968147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.46935778856277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.44579410552978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4143921732902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4113216996192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08479708433151245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8764697909355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7780240774154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.6795023679733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6446927189826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.625320553779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5920901894569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5631928443908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322198","display_name":"Spoken language","level":2,"score":0.5603322982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4952823221683502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.4910013973712921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4722149968147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.46935778856277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.44579410552978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4143921732902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4113216996192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08479708433151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tasl.2009.2014262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2009.2014262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199497470","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing","issn_l":"1558-7916","issn":["1558-7916","1558-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:188863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/188863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on audio, speech and language processing : T-ASL 17(4), 803-818 (2009). doi:10.1109/TASL.2009.2014262","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324232","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55328212","https://openalex.org/W103917657","https://openalex.org/W149113674","https://openalex.org/W1517947178","https://openalex.org/W1518357715","https://openalex.org/W1537859740","https://openalex.org/W1550863320","https://openalex.org/W1592796124","https://openalex.org/W1874694348","https://openalex.org/W1934019294","https://openalex.org/W2006969979","https://openalex.org/W2038698865","https://openalex.org/W2046677175","https://openalex.org/W2050492193","https://openalex.org/W2081605912","https://openalex.org/W2098880560","https://openalex.org/W2098921539","https://openalex.org/W2137677017","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2156985047","https://openalex.org/W2166480741","https://openalex.org/W2166810516","https://openalex.org/W2171899681","https://openalex.org/W2408024770","https://openalex.org/W2951299559","https://openalex.org/W6602256816","https://openalex.org/W6631063652","https://openalex.org/W6640267182","https://openalex.org/W6713777097","https://openalex.org/W6764685693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2466816617","https://openalex.org/W1970834875","https://openalex.org/W842936808","https://openalex.org/W3174028392","https://openalex.org/W2000517284","https://openalex.org/W2365318811","https://openalex.org/W2136503713","https://openalex.org/W2375330620","https://openalex.org/W2363755581","https://openalex.org/W4302360843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,112],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,37,83,98,114,136,139],"investigate":[4,84,99],"two":[5,157],"statistical":[6,14],"methods":[7,87],"for":[8,161],"spoken":[9,108,162],"language":[10,43,55,109],"understanding":[11,44],"based":[12],"on":[13,156],"machine":[15],"translation.":[16],"The":[17],"first":[18],"approach":[19,76,102],"employs":[20],"the":[21,25,28,39,60,72,78,90,123,143,148],"source-channel":[22],"paradigm,":[23],"whereas":[24],"other":[26],"uses":[27],"maximum":[29,74],"entropy":[30,75],"framework.":[31],"Starting":[32],"with":[33],"an":[34],"annotated":[35],"corpus,":[36],"describe":[38],"problem":[40],"of":[41,62],"natural":[42],"as":[45],"a":[46,49,53,100,133],"translation":[47],"from":[48],"source":[50,79],"sentence":[51],"to":[52,103],"formal":[54],"target":[56],"sentence.":[57],"We":[58],"analyze":[59],"quality":[61],"different":[63],"alignment":[64],"models":[65],"and":[66,69,107,147],"feature":[67],"functions":[68],"show":[70,137],"that":[71,138],"direct":[73],"outperforms":[77],"channel-based":[80],"method.":[81],"Furthermore,":[82],"how":[85],"both":[86,142],"perform":[88],"if":[89],"input":[91],"sentences":[92],"contain":[93],"speech":[94,105],"recognition":[95,106],"errors.":[96],"Finally,":[97],"new":[101],"combine":[104],"understanding.":[110],"For":[111],"purpose,":[113],"employ":[115],"minimum":[116],"error":[117,145,150],"rate":[118,146],"training":[119],"which":[120],"directly":[121],"optimizes":[122],"final":[124],"evaluation":[125],"criterion.":[126],"By":[127],"combining":[128],"all":[129],"knowledge":[130],"sources":[131],"in":[132],"log-linear":[134],"way,":[135],"can":[140],"decrease":[141],"word":[144],"slot":[149],"rate.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"were":[153],"carried":[154],"out":[155],"German":[158],"inhouse":[159],"corpora":[160],"dialogue":[163],"systems.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
