{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133338644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2026.3669879","title":"Physical-Constraint-Embedded Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Flight Control of Flying-Wing Vehicle","display_name":"Physical-Constraint-Embedded Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Flight Control of Flying-Wing Vehicle","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133338644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2026.3669879"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2026.3669879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2026.3669879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-1181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-1181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qingyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5134-8184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5134-8184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069207720","display_name":"Shufen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104104996","display_name":"Bingjie Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingjie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5518-9029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yafei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-9814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yafei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-9814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128005948","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1007-0779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yujie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8304-9277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8304-9277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44879631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"6014","last_page":"6027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11096","display_name":"Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control","score":0.30730000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11096","display_name":"Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control","score":0.30730000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.17980000376701355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.10490000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerodynamics","display_name":"Aerodynamics","score":0.6794999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitude-control","display_name":"Attitude control","score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearization","display_name":"Linearization","score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gain-scheduling","display_name":"Gain scheduling","score":0.4799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.4415000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13393347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8424","display_name":"Aerodynamics","level":2,"score":0.6794999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155710575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83001","display_name":"Attitude control","level":2,"score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11210021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520713","display_name":"Linearization","level":3,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97090092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764612","display_name":"Gain scheduling","level":3,"score":0.4799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85736874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672139","display_name":"Feedback linearization","level":3,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91581856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2707001","display_name":"Nonlinear control","level":3,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777943292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3319996","display_name":"Flight test","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197231348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1705284","display_name":"Flight control surfaces","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132557482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299483","display_name":"Aerodynamic force","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984755018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17118374","display_name":"Nonlinear model","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2026.3669879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2026.3669879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5510359326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ30631","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531900908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ30631","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321471","funder_display_name":"Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321471","display_name":"Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/04qgr7x96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1949804828","https://openalex.org/W1990005421","https://openalex.org/W2891218741","https://openalex.org/W2907877674","https://openalex.org/W2907916537","https://openalex.org/W2933207051","https://openalex.org/W2962890638","https://openalex.org/W2968312042","https://openalex.org/W2997509280","https://openalex.org/W3006576672","https://openalex.org/W3018058340","https://openalex.org/W3045347666","https://openalex.org/W3048642242","https://openalex.org/W3165725870","https://openalex.org/W3185447307","https://openalex.org/W3201215406","https://openalex.org/W3212087381","https://openalex.org/W4226292595","https://openalex.org/W4285115083","https://openalex.org/W4292231041","https://openalex.org/W4323767759","https://openalex.org/W4382203359","https://openalex.org/W4386285856","https://openalex.org/W4386718967","https://openalex.org/W4390777847","https://openalex.org/W4396948968","https://openalex.org/W4399245059","https://openalex.org/W4399769714","https://openalex.org/W4400546361","https://openalex.org/W4401560963","https://openalex.org/W4402000113","https://openalex.org/W4404238389","https://openalex.org/W4404436947","https://openalex.org/W4406414408","https://openalex.org/W4407457013","https://openalex.org/W4409336028","https://openalex.org/W4409985748","https://openalex.org/W4409991157","https://openalex.org/W4411406712","https://openalex.org/W4411847575","https://openalex.org/W4412054354","https://openalex.org/W4412196621","https://openalex.org/W4415009076","https://openalex.org/W4415893608"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,130],"the":[2,7,11,16,93,143,164,173,180],"uncertain":[3],"nonlinear":[4,43],"dynamics":[5],"and":[6,13,54,65,97,125,147,158,172,186],"coupling":[8,94],"motions":[9,99],"of":[10,19,95,182],"longitudinal":[12,98],"lateral":[14,96],"axes,":[15],"attitude":[17,82,135,159],"control":[18,27,39,46,83,144],"flying-wing":[20],"vehicles":[21],"presents":[22],"significant":[23],"challenges.":[24],"Proportional-Integral-Derivative":[25],"(PID)":[26],"with":[28,168],"gain":[29],"scheduling":[30],"relies":[31],"on":[32,62,86,142],"small":[33],"disturbance":[34],"linearization":[35],"theory,":[36],"which":[37,91,198],"limits":[38],"performance":[40],"under":[41],"substantial":[42],"behavior.":[44],"Nonlinear":[45,55],"techniques,":[47],"such":[48],"as":[49,100,102],"Model":[50],"Predictive":[51],"Control":[52],"(MPC)":[53],"Dynamic":[56],"Inversion":[57],"(NDI),":[58],"are":[59,72],"heavily":[60],"dependent":[61],"accurate":[63],"models,":[64],"their":[66],"robustness":[67,178],"diminishes":[68],"when":[69],"aerodynamic":[70],"models":[71],"mismatched.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"these":[76],"limitations,":[77],"this":[78],"paper":[79],"proposes":[80],"an":[81,114,148],"algorithm":[84,105,120,165,190],"based":[85],"Deep":[87],"Reinforcement":[88],"Learning":[89],"(DRL),":[90],"considers":[92],"well":[101],"airspeed.":[103],"The":[104,118,189],"establishes":[106],"a":[107],"clear":[108],"mapping":[109],"between":[110],"\u2019State-Action-Reward\u2019":[111],"by":[112],"utilizing":[113],"error-related":[115],"state":[116],"space.":[117],"proposed":[119],"significantly":[121],"enhances":[122],"training":[123],"efficiency":[124],"test":[126],"success":[127],"rates":[128],"compared":[129,167],"DRL":[131],"algorithms":[132],"that":[133],"incorporate":[134],"angle.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"it":[138],"introduces":[139],"physical":[140],"constraints":[141],"surface":[145],"deflection":[146],"additional":[149],"loss":[150],"function":[151],"term,":[152],"resulting":[153],"in":[154,179],"smooth":[155],"actuation":[156],"signals":[157],"responses.":[160],"In":[161],"simulated":[162],"environments,":[163],"was":[166],"other":[169],"state-of-the-art":[170],"algorithms,":[171],"results":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"its":[176,201],"strong":[177],"presence":[181],"severe":[183],"turbulence":[184],"disturbances":[185],"model":[187],"uncertainties.":[188],"is":[191],"also":[192],"assessed":[193],"through":[194],"real":[195],"vehicle":[196],"experiments,":[197],"fully":[199],"corroborate":[200],"effectiveness.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00"}