{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394828198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2024.3386882","title":"Real-Time Melt Pool Homogenization Through Geometry-Informed Control in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Real-Time Melt Pool Homogenization Through Geometry-Informed Control in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394828198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2024.3386882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2024.3386882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2024.3386882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072151744","display_name":"Bumsoo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-2507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bumsoo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050774140","display_name":"Alvin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-0401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083812959","display_name":"Sandipan Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-9221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandipan Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072151744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9091174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"2986","last_page":"2997"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogenization","display_name":"Homogenization (climate)","score":0.7888238430023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.5813401937484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5521999001502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5506545305252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.4794410765171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.47821900248527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.39267680048942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32464343309402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31154897809028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.3113929331302643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26575765013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.18597248196601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08690148591995239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778722038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17030643","display_name":"Homogenization (climate)","level":3,"score":0.7888238430023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5813401937484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5521999001502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5506545305252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4794410765171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.47821900248527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39267680048942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32464343309402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31154897809028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3113929331302643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26575765013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18597248196601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08690148591995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2024.3386882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2024.3386882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2251230247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2222250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","funder_display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/028yd4c30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1966799659","https://openalex.org/W1990536433","https://openalex.org/W2016135537","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2192772080","https://openalex.org/W2434196658","https://openalex.org/W2518352236","https://openalex.org/W2523156222","https://openalex.org/W2769064443","https://openalex.org/W2822752092","https://openalex.org/W2885487110","https://openalex.org/W2905038749","https://openalex.org/W2915998740","https://openalex.org/W2944707826","https://openalex.org/W2971623534","https://openalex.org/W2973267531","https://openalex.org/W2992764629","https://openalex.org/W3023177958","https://openalex.org/W3023586494","https://openalex.org/W3030128683","https://openalex.org/W3034940974","https://openalex.org/W3039116038","https://openalex.org/W3046105419","https://openalex.org/W3046607974","https://openalex.org/W3088310808","https://openalex.org/W3090897645","https://openalex.org/W3136357499","https://openalex.org/W3163384737","https://openalex.org/W3167824474","https://openalex.org/W3173471120","https://openalex.org/W3175541687","https://openalex.org/W3217395750","https://openalex.org/W4200329281","https://openalex.org/W4200519617","https://openalex.org/W4206401649","https://openalex.org/W4210608376","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4281479374","https://openalex.org/W4294692064","https://openalex.org/W4296706156","https://openalex.org/W4320180493","https://openalex.org/W4367625586","https://openalex.org/W4385482383","https://openalex.org/W4389209600","https://openalex.org/W6601163618","https://openalex.org/W6688619917","https://openalex.org/W6726739689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104620528","https://openalex.org/W140119233","https://openalex.org/W2757910772","https://openalex.org/W4249473811","https://openalex.org/W2394422079","https://openalex.org/W1492688905","https://openalex.org/W2524071042","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,57,150,161,172,213,232,249,307],"real-time":[4,193],"geometry-informed":[5],"control":[6,24,112,142,195,251,268,289,302],"strategy":[7,25,113,143,269,303],"to":[8,40,60,238,247,272],"homogenize":[9],"melt":[10,37,49,181],"pool":[11,38,50,182],"measurements":[12,39],"in":[13,66,102,135,144,169,180,192],"laser":[14,43],"powder":[15],"bed":[16,148],"fusion":[17],"(L-PBF)":[18],"using":[19,306],"reinforcement":[20,63,105,190,203,287],"learning.":[21],"The":[22,301],"learning":[23,64,106,191,204,288],"incorporates":[26],"geometric":[27],"information":[28],"of":[29,71,75,90,189,210],"the":[30,42,62,69,73,87,104,110,115,158,187,202,207,245,267],"scan":[31,152],"path":[32],"as":[33,35,212],"well":[34],"in-situ":[36],"compute":[41],"power":[44],"signal":[45,183],"for":[46,79,149,196,231,253,276,313],"reducing":[47,72],"in-process":[48],"inhomogeneities.":[51],"First,":[52],"we":[53,199],"design":[54],"and":[55,125,171,273,285,318],"validate":[56],"data-driven":[58],"model":[59],"train":[61],"agent":[65,205],"simulation,":[67],"with":[68,217,220],"goal":[70],"amount":[74],"experimental":[76,146],"data":[77],"needed":[78],"training.":[80],"Using":[81],"this":[82,140,155,280],"simulation-based":[83],"training":[84,103,316,321],"approach":[85],"has":[86],"added":[88],"benefit":[89],"avoiding":[91,314],"unsafe":[92,320],"or":[93],"infeasible":[94],"experiments,":[95],"an":[96,145,283],"issue":[97],"that":[98,201,266,291],"is":[99,264,270,304,311],"often":[100],"encountered":[101],"agent.":[107],"After":[108],"training,":[109],"learned":[111,141],"attenuates":[114],"1-norm":[116],"error":[117],"by":[118,128,244],"<inline-formula":[119,129,162,173,222],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120,130,163,174,223,236],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[121,131,164,175,224],"<tex-math":[122,132,165,176,225],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathbf{37\\%}$</tex-math>":[123],"</inline-formula>":[124,134,167,178,227],"standard":[126],"deviation":[127],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathbf{39\\%}$</tex-math>":[133],"simulation.":[136],"We":[137],"then":[138],"deploy":[139],"test":[147,156],"new":[151],"geometry.":[153,234,278],"In":[154],"scenario,":[157],"policy":[159],"achieves":[160],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathbf{30\\%}$</tex-math>":[166],"reduction":[168,179],"error,":[170],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathbf{36\\%}$</tex-math>":[177],"variation,":[184],"thereby":[185],"illustrating":[186],"potential":[188],"geometry-agnostic":[194],"L-PBF.":[197],"Finally,":[198],"demonstrate":[200],"delivers":[206],"same":[208],"level":[209],"performance":[211],"model-based":[214],"feedforward":[215],"controller":[216],"PID":[218],"feedback,":[219],"20":[221],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times$</tex-math>":[226],"less":[228],"computational":[229],"time":[230],"single":[233],"<italic":[235],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Note":[237],"Practitioners</i>":[239],"\u2014This":[240],"work":[241],"was":[242],"motivated":[243],"need":[246],"develop":[248],"practical":[250],"algorithm":[252,290],"L-PBF":[254,257],"systems.":[255],"Because":[256],"systems":[258],"manufacture":[259],"customized":[260],"on-demand":[261],"geometries,":[262,298],"it":[263],"critical":[265],"extendable":[271],"easily":[274],"optimized":[275],"each":[277],"Specifically,":[279],"effort":[281,317],"develops":[282],"efficient":[284],"robust":[286],"can":[292],"be":[293],"used":[294],"across":[295],"novel":[296],"part":[297],"once":[299],"trained.":[300],"designed":[305],"simulation-to-real":[308],"approach,":[309],"which":[310],"key":[312],"extensive":[315],"avoids":[319],"experiments.":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
