{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383750186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3291679","title":"Active Battery Cell Balancing by Real-Time Model Predictive Control for Extending Electric Vehicle Driving Range","display_name":"Active Battery Cell Balancing by Real-Time Model Predictive Control for Extending Electric Vehicle Driving Range","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383750186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3291679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2023.3291679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3291679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063604106","display_name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-8519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-8519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021820083","display_name":"Aman Behal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8458-1591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aman Behal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering and NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8458-1591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering and NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037274043","display_name":"Zhaojian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0189-8719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaojian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424917","display_name":"Chong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7097-4220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.07,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91446042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"4003","last_page":"4015"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7370957136154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.691227912902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.6668165922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5814284086227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-cycle","display_name":"Driving cycle","score":0.564397931098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5045551061630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.47476720809936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.46818649768829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-range","display_name":"Driving range","score":0.46169957518577576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44947877526283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.4330633878707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.41371122002601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.359408974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3145129680633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.2660149037837982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.15490111708641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11042594909667969}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7370957136154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.691227912902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.6668165922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5814284086227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169042556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246150","display_name":"Driving cycle","level":4,"score":0.564397931098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5045551061630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.47476720809936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.46818649768829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780847881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3177122","display_name":"Driving range","level":4,"score":0.46169957518577576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44947877526283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4330633878707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41371122002601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.359408974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3145129680633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2660149037837982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.15490111708641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11042594909667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2023.3291679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3291679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2659772281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC20M0124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308706","funder_display_name":"Michigan Space Grant Consortium"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G788020333","display_name":"CAREER: Reconfigurable and Predictive Control with Reinforcement Learning Supervisor for Active Battery Cell Balancing","funder_award_id":"2237317","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308706","display_name":"Michigan Space Grant Consortium","ror":"https://ror.org/057mgcy61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124292005","https://openalex.org/W1551889219","https://openalex.org/W1978956894","https://openalex.org/W1981723834","https://openalex.org/W1982003640","https://openalex.org/W1988884984","https://openalex.org/W1993170675","https://openalex.org/W1998656126","https://openalex.org/W2000018540","https://openalex.org/W2006293476","https://openalex.org/W2041109651","https://openalex.org/W2071608862","https://openalex.org/W2084008601","https://openalex.org/W2090774257","https://openalex.org/W2097806687","https://openalex.org/W2099874319","https://openalex.org/W2133683385","https://openalex.org/W2136514706","https://openalex.org/W2152136198","https://openalex.org/W2154540769","https://openalex.org/W2190621530","https://openalex.org/W2200283474","https://openalex.org/W2291320130","https://openalex.org/W2316241185","https://openalex.org/W2344401273","https://openalex.org/W2495000743","https://openalex.org/W2514684317","https://openalex.org/W2523623329","https://openalex.org/W2565992809","https://openalex.org/W2570561140","https://openalex.org/W2590722206","https://openalex.org/W2590904911","https://openalex.org/W2596902937","https://openalex.org/W2765081204","https://openalex.org/W2770405255","https://openalex.org/W2779116709","https://openalex.org/W2795656626","https://openalex.org/W2796446045","https://openalex.org/W2806144777","https://openalex.org/W2889229125","https://openalex.org/W2901900441","https://openalex.org/W2905423476","https://openalex.org/W2920318298","https://openalex.org/W2921701746","https://openalex.org/W2942204867","https://openalex.org/W2963327325","https://openalex.org/W2963569896","https://openalex.org/W2963653831","https://openalex.org/W2972980235","https://openalex.org/W2989655244","https://openalex.org/W2991386557","https://openalex.org/W3013630064","https://openalex.org/W3033865651","https://openalex.org/W3080093041","https://openalex.org/W3177353689","https://openalex.org/W3193436074","https://openalex.org/W4210445889","https://openalex.org/W4301014524","https://openalex.org/W4308842809","https://openalex.org/W6696841609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964627364","https://openalex.org/W4210323698","https://openalex.org/W2107486489","https://openalex.org/W2371083903","https://openalex.org/W4285815344","https://openalex.org/W4296426226","https://openalex.org/W4312801853","https://openalex.org/W4280559757","https://openalex.org/W4327545682","https://openalex.org/W3114874629"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrical":[0],"vehicles":[1,279,308],"(EV)":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"considered":[5],"to":[6,11,48,64,70,72,87,103,208,272,284,301,309,347],"be":[7,88,132],"an":[8,42],"effective":[9,295],"way":[10],"combat":[12,285],"global":[13,287],"climate":[14,288],"change.":[15],"To":[16,149],"extend":[17,302],"the":[18,26,74,79,93,105,115,121,127,135,142,151,154,179,209,217,221,230,275,286,303,338,341,349],"driving":[19,188,195,235,245,304],"range":[20,130,189,236,305],"of":[21,97,153,191,277,281,306,340,351,359],"EV,":[22],"this":[23],"paper":[24,291],"studies":[25],"active":[27],"battery":[28,57,128,156,181],"cell":[29,50,58,69,71,112,123,146,157,182,249,296],"balancing":[30,59,158,183,250,298],"control":[31,39,60,81,95,117,159,184,251,299,318,355],"based":[32,202,322],"on":[33,164,203,323],"linear":[34],"parametric":[35],"varying":[36],"model":[37,45,324,353],"predictive":[38,325,354],"(MPC).":[40],"Specifically,":[41],"equivalent":[43],"circuit":[44],"is":[46,84,224,240,264,280],"used":[47],"predict":[49],"terminal":[51,101,147],"voltage,":[52,124],"and":[53,137,172,197,314],"three":[54,166],"different":[55,244,248],"MPC-based":[56],"strategies":[61],"are":[62,162,321,327],"proposed":[63,155,180,342],"dynamically":[65],"transport":[66],"electricity":[67],"from":[68],"reduce":[73],"imbalance.":[75],"In":[76],"particular,":[77],"for":[78,114,134,193,199,256,332],"first":[80],"strategy,":[82,118,139,252],"MPC":[83,119,140,167],"set":[85],"up":[86],"a":[89,110,187,254,257],"tracking":[90],"controller":[91],"with":[92,330,344,356],"primary":[94],"objective":[96],"forcing":[98],"all":[99,165],"cells\u2019":[100],"voltage":[102],"follow":[104],"same":[106,231],"trajectory":[107],"generated":[108],"by":[109,293],"nominal":[111],"model;":[113],"second":[116],"maximizes":[120],"lowest":[122],"so":[125],"that":[126,178,220,243],"operating":[129],"can":[131,185],"extended;":[133],"third":[136],"last":[138],"minimizes":[141],"maximum":[143],"variation":[144],"among":[145],"voltages.":[148],"assess":[150],"effectiveness":[152,339],"strategies,":[160],"simulations":[161],"performed":[163],"formulations,":[168],"using":[169],"both":[170],"steady-state":[171,200],"transient":[173],"conditions.":[174],"Numerical":[175],"results":[176,336],"show":[177],"achieve":[186,233],"extension":[190],"9%":[192],"dynamic":[194],"cycle":[196],"7%":[198],"condition,":[201],"our":[204,212],"simulation":[205],"setup.":[206],"Compared":[207],"existing":[210],"work,":[211],"approaches":[213],"do":[214],"not":[215],"require":[216],"over-restrictive":[218],"assumption":[219],"trip":[222],"duration":[223],"known":[225],"in":[226],"advance,":[227],"while":[228],"at":[229],"time":[232,262],"similar":[234],"extension.":[237],"Furthermore,":[238],"it":[239],"also":[241],"shown":[242],"condition":[246],"favors":[247],"indicating":[253],"need":[255],"hybrid":[258],"approach.":[259],"Finally,":[260],"real":[261],"implementability":[263],"demonstrated":[265],"via":[266],"throughput":[267],"analysis.":[268],"<italic":[269],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[270],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Note":[271],"Practitioners</i>":[273],"\u2014Improving":[274],"efficiency":[276,313],"electric":[278,307],"paramount":[282],"importance":[283],"challenge.":[289],"This":[290],"contributes":[292],"proposing":[294],"level":[297],"methodologies":[300],"improve":[310],"their":[311],"energy":[312],"public":[315],"acceptance.":[316],"The":[317],"methods,":[319],"which":[320],"control,":[326],"analytically":[328],"derived":[329],"details":[331],"embedded":[333],"implementation.":[334],"Simulation":[335],"demonstrate":[337],"methodologies,":[343],"future":[345],"work":[346],"investigate":[348],"applicability":[350],"nonlinear":[352],"large":[357],"number":[358],"cells.":[360]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
