{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378696921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3276361","title":"Confidence-Aware Paced-Curriculum Learning by Label Smoothing for Surgical Scene Understanding","display_name":"Confidence-Aware Paced-Curriculum Learning by Label Smoothing for Surgical Scene Understanding","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378696921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3276361"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2023.3276361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3276361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057223988","display_name":"Mengya Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125878","display_name":"Suzhou Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebk0c60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}],"countries":["CN","HK","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengya Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066653567","display_name":"Mobarakol Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7162-2822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109636","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mobarakol Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["BioMedIA Group, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7162-2822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioMedIA Group, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007222325","display_name":"Ben Glocker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-9356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109636","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Glocker","raw_affiliation_strings":["BioMedIA Group, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-9356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioMedIA Group, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032340829","display_name":"Hongliang Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-1551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125878","display_name":"Suzhou Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebk0c60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}],"countries":["CN","HK","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongliang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-1551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65531583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"3170","last_page":"3181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.8858009576797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6839414834976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.6273730993270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5739911794662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5649164915084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5385625958442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1688072681427002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.8858009576797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6839414834976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6273730993270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5739911794662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5649164915084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5385625958442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1688072681427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2023.3276361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3276361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/e40895ad-78ea-4388-8f8c-36cda08384fb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/e40895ad-78ea-4388-8f8c-36cda08384fb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Xu, M, Islam, M, Glocker, B & Ren, H 2024, 'Confidence-Aware Paced-Curriculum Learning by Label Smoothing for Surgical Scene Understanding', IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2023.3276361","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1956340063","https://openalex.org/W1987645143","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2133512280","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2185898173","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2254249950","https://openalex.org/W2266464013","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2345474290","https://openalex.org/W2517229335","https://openalex.org/W2735039185","https://openalex.org/W2741283515","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2792767783","https://openalex.org/W2887842788","https://openalex.org/W2898158860","https://openalex.org/W2923622379","https://openalex.org/W2946379889","https://openalex.org/W2946750843","https://openalex.org/W2948210185","https://openalex.org/W2951883849","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963564844","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W2981873476","https://openalex.org/W2986725798","https://openalex.org/W2995750307","https://openalex.org/W3003209274","https://openalex.org/W3010512657","https://openalex.org/W3034655362","https://openalex.org/W3035284526","https://openalex.org/W3044971416","https://openalex.org/W3094111018","https://openalex.org/W3094926883","https://openalex.org/W3096104140","https://openalex.org/W3105636206","https://openalex.org/W3119116894","https://openalex.org/W3150630416","https://openalex.org/W3172523842","https://openalex.org/W3173196825","https://openalex.org/W3176597251","https://openalex.org/W3183605589","https://openalex.org/W3193344850","https://openalex.org/W3199986538","https://openalex.org/W3202563726","https://openalex.org/W3207576362","https://openalex.org/W3214721215","https://openalex.org/W4287865413","https://openalex.org/W4288404646","https://openalex.org/W4288574670","https://openalex.org/W4308831279","https://openalex.org/W4312517597","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6679390333","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6726407388","https://openalex.org/W6739088070","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6755672337","https://openalex.org/W6756444276","https://openalex.org/W6757555829","https://openalex.org/W6757615711","https://openalex.org/W6758742486","https://openalex.org/W6758857762","https://openalex.org/W6773813882","https://openalex.org/W6773996751","https://openalex.org/W6780028523","https://openalex.org/W6797185059","https://openalex.org/W6797388580","https://openalex.org/W6800073990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Curriculum":[0],"learning":[1,4,57,80,126,159,270,278],"and":[2,89,92,108,124,149,172,200,230,254,280,291],"self-paced":[3],"are":[5,188],"the":[6,12,48,56,121,132,145,157,180,206,224,252,269,273,282,286],"training":[7,148],"strategies":[8],"that":[9,223,300],"gradually":[10,150],"feed":[11],"samples":[13,45],"from":[14,161],"easy":[15],"to":[16,25,54,153,155,163,178,242,250,284],"more":[17],"complex.":[18],"They":[19],"have":[20],"captivated":[21],"increasing":[22],"attention":[23],"due":[24],"their":[26],"excellent":[27],"performance":[28,253],"in":[29,43,59,102,120,260,275],"robotic":[30,192,265],"vision.":[31],"Most":[32],"recent":[33],"works":[34],"focus":[35],"on":[36,40,190],"designing":[37],"curricula":[38],"based":[39],"difficulty":[41],"levels":[42],"input":[44],"or":[46],"smoothing":[47,52,76,84,96,112,118,136,142],"feature":[49],"maps.":[50],"However,":[51],"labels":[53],"control":[55,156],"utility":[58,160],"a":[60,71,103,110,116,140,168,276],"curriculum":[61,73,104,133,277],"manner":[62,279],"is":[63,234,249],"still":[64],"unexplored.":[65],"In":[66,106],"this":[67,247],"work,":[68],"we":[69,130],"design":[70,131],"paced":[72,79],"by":[74,134,211,267],"label":[75,83,95,123,135],"(P-CBLS)":[77],"using":[78],"with":[81,175],"uniform":[82,91],"(ULS)":[85],"for":[86,98],"classification":[87],"tasks":[88,101],"fuse":[90],"spatially":[93],"varying":[94],"(SVLS)":[97],"semantic":[99],"segmentation":[100,201],"manner.":[105],"ULS":[107],"SVLS,":[109],"bigger":[111,141],"factor":[113],"value":[114,143],"enforces":[115],"heavy":[117],"penalty":[119],"true":[122],"limits":[125],"less":[127],"information.":[128],"Therefore,":[129],"(CBLS).":[137],"We":[138,165,203],"set":[139],"at":[144,237],"beginning":[146],"of":[147,182,195,208,246,256,272,289],"decreased":[151],"it":[152,174],"zero":[154],"model":[158,274,283],"lower":[162],"higher.":[164],"also":[166,204],"designed":[167,294],"confidence-aware":[169],"pacing":[170],"function":[171],"combined":[173],"our":[176,209],"CBLS":[177],"investigate":[179,205],"benefits":[181],"various":[183],"curricula.":[184],"The":[185,232,293],"proposed":[186,225],"techniques":[187],"validated":[189],"four":[191],"surgery":[193,266],"datasets":[194],"multi-class,":[196],"multi-label":[197],"classification,":[198],"captioning,":[199],"tasks.":[202],"robustness":[207,255],"method":[210,226],"corrupting":[212],"validation":[213],"data":[214],"into":[215],"different":[216],"severity":[217],"levels.":[218],"Our":[219],"extensive":[220],"analysis":[221],"shows":[222],"improves":[227],"prediction":[228],"accuracy":[229],"robustness.":[231],"code":[233],"publicly":[235],"available":[236],"https://github.com/XuMengyaAmy/P-CBLS.":[238],"<italic":[239],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[240],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Note":[241],"Practitioners</i>":[243],"\u2014The":[244],"motivation":[245],"article":[248],"improve":[251],"deep":[257],"neural":[258],"networks":[259],"safety-critical":[261],"applications":[262],"such":[263],"as":[264],"controlling":[268],"ability":[271],"allowing":[281],"imitate":[285],"cognitive":[287],"process":[288],"humans":[290],"animals.":[292],"approaches":[295],"do":[296],"not":[297],"add":[298],"parameters":[299],"require":[301],"additional":[302],"computational":[303],"resources.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}