{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319993467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3238645","title":"Measuring Color Index of Transformer Oil\u2013Enabling Single-Wavelength Spectroscopy With Artificial Neural Network-Fuzzy Logic Model","display_name":"Measuring Color Index of Transformer Oil\u2013Enabling Single-Wavelength Spectroscopy With Artificial Neural Network-Fuzzy Logic Model","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319993467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3238645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2023.3238645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3238645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009709078","display_name":"Muhamad Haziq Hasnul Hadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-5556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874769580","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. H. Hasnul Hadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-5556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874769580","https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047982701","display_name":"Pin Jern Ker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-1735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874769580","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pin Jern Ker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-1735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874769580","https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009050967","display_name":"Hui Jing Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4592-574X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874769580","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Jing Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4592-574X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874769580","https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051398876","display_name":"Yang Sing Leong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5750-2293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Sing Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environmental, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5750-2293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environmental, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026954225","display_name":"Vimal Angela Thiviyanathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-9840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874769580","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vimal A. Thiviyanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-9840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874769580","https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075155216","display_name":"M. A. Hannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-4112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874769580","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. Hannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-4112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874769580","https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068675029","display_name":"M. Z. Jamaludin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9637-6867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Zaini Jamaludin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9637-6867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076713388","display_name":"Mohd Adzir Mahdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-181X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. Mahdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering, Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-181X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009709078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69674581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"1358","last_page":"1368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7069145441055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5895875692367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5519223213195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5476996302604675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48846331238746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer-oil","display_name":"Transformer oil","score":0.4640594720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3988511264324188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37671607732772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32365018129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.303941011428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27406612038612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17406615614891052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7069145441055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5895875692367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5519223213195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5476996302604675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48846331238746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901418","display_name":"Transformer oil","level":4,"score":0.4640594720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3988511264324188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37671607732772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32365018129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.303941011428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27406612038612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17406615614891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2023.3238645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3238645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325210","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564036736","https://openalex.org/W1966789149","https://openalex.org/W1977166391","https://openalex.org/W1979302494","https://openalex.org/W1981195368","https://openalex.org/W1984203834","https://openalex.org/W2013812145","https://openalex.org/W2014755194","https://openalex.org/W2018416755","https://openalex.org/W2020782502","https://openalex.org/W2023056478","https://openalex.org/W2030506261","https://openalex.org/W2037935007","https://openalex.org/W2040164872","https://openalex.org/W2054767479","https://openalex.org/W2066129303","https://openalex.org/W2069673138","https://openalex.org/W2070064181","https://openalex.org/W2089182923","https://openalex.org/W2093023240","https://openalex.org/W2140780405","https://openalex.org/W2160866958","https://openalex.org/W2355911960","https://openalex.org/W2469680963","https://openalex.org/W2557441409","https://openalex.org/W2586511614","https://openalex.org/W2589465160","https://openalex.org/W2591033563","https://openalex.org/W2637482979","https://openalex.org/W2768092636","https://openalex.org/W2782672640","https://openalex.org/W2862467855","https://openalex.org/W2896442631","https://openalex.org/W2902134732","https://openalex.org/W2922262672","https://openalex.org/W2932966791","https://openalex.org/W2944786404","https://openalex.org/W2949632000","https://openalex.org/W2962502375","https://openalex.org/W2989622637","https://openalex.org/W2999870278","https://openalex.org/W3142047324","https://openalex.org/W3155557926","https://openalex.org/W3170308824","https://openalex.org/W3177009893","https://openalex.org/W3209503840","https://openalex.org/W4283658519","https://openalex.org/W4283741465","https://openalex.org/W6633844944","https://openalex.org/W6730407593","https://openalex.org/W6747316161","https://openalex.org/W6797341461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W4385074335","https://openalex.org/W2626189183","https://openalex.org/W2626268514","https://openalex.org/W2391251536","https://openalex.org/W324331621","https://openalex.org/W2362198218","https://openalex.org/W4226285110","https://openalex.org/W2024709534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventionally,":[0],"the":[1,15,48,65,105,115,123,136,146,165,193,210,224,230,239,260,277],"color":[2,11,66,109,124,137,187,215,278],"index":[3,67,138,216],"of":[4,40,50,68,87,96,217,226,232,241,279],"transformer":[5,69,218],"oil":[6,81,219],"is":[7,180],"determined":[8],"by":[9,148],"a":[10],"comparator":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14,195],"American":[16],"Society":[17],"for":[18,168,182,214],"Testing":[19],"and":[20,37,92,111,151,156,234,263,289],"Materials":[21],"(ASTM)":[22],"D":[23],"1500":[24],"standard.":[25],"The":[26,101,140,159],"equipment":[27],"requires":[28,221],"humans":[29],"to":[30,34,63,89,98,121,134,199,207,275],"operate,":[31],"which":[32,179],"leads":[33],"human":[35,222,251],"error":[36,142,264],"limited":[38],"number":[39],"samples":[41,82,184],"tested":[42],"per":[43],"day.":[44],"This":[45,189,268],"work":[46],"proposes":[47],"utilization":[49,240],"single-wavelength":[51],"spectroscopy":[52,244],"with":[53,83,185,245,256],"405":[54],"nm":[55],"laser":[56,93],"diode":[57],"using":[58,76],"artificial":[59],"neural":[60],"network":[61],"(ANN)":[62],"determine":[64,122],"oil.":[70],"Two":[71],"ANN":[72,149,152],"models":[73],"were":[74],"developed":[75,133],"data":[77],"collected":[78],"from":[79,145],"50":[80],"different":[84,108],"optical":[85,169],"pathlengths":[86,170],"1":[88,97],"10":[90],"mm,":[91,178],"output":[94],"powers":[95],"15":[99],"mW.":[100],"first":[102],"model":[103,113,130,163],"classified":[104],"input":[106,116],"into":[107],"indices":[110],"another":[112],"correlated":[114],"parameters":[117],"through":[118,238],"regression":[119],"analysis":[120],"index.":[125,188],"A":[126],"hybrid":[127,160],"ANN-fuzzy":[128,161],"logic":[129,162],"was":[131],"also":[132],"improve":[135],"prediction.":[139],"root-mean-squared":[141],"(RMSE)":[143],"obtained":[144],"prediction":[147],"regressor":[150],"classifier":[153],"are":[154],"0.5602":[155],"0.6416,":[157],"respectively.":[158],"improves":[164],"RMSE":[166],"especially":[167],"<inline-formula":[171],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[172,205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[173],"<tex-math":[174],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$&lt;$</tex-math>":[175],"</inline-formula>":[176],"5":[177],"required":[181],"measuring":[183],"high":[186],"proposed":[190,269],"method":[191,213,270],"reduces":[192],"dependency":[194],"complex":[196],"optoelectronic":[197],"hardware":[198,258],"obtain":[200],"highly":[201],"accurate":[202],"results.":[203],"<italic":[204],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Note":[206],"Practitioners</i>":[208],"\u2014Unlike":[209],"conventional":[211],"testing":[212],"that":[220],"observation,":[223],"findings":[225],"this":[227],"study":[228],"enables":[229],"possibility":[231],"compact":[233],"smart":[235],"portable":[236],"device":[237],"single":[242],"wavelength":[243],"machine":[246],"learning":[247],"models.":[248],"With":[249],"no":[250],"involvement,":[252],"more":[253],"computational":[254],"power":[255],"lesser":[257],"dependency,":[259],"maintenance":[261],"cost":[262],"can":[265,271],"be":[266,273],"reduced.":[267],"potentially":[272],"applied":[274],"measure":[276],"other":[280],"amber-colored":[281],"liquid":[282],"products":[283],"such":[284],"as":[285],"olive":[286],"oil,":[287],"honey":[288],"others.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
