{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213312450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","title":"Data Integrity Attack in Dynamic State Estimation of Smart Grid: Attack Model and Countermeasures","display_name":"Data Integrity Attack in Dynamic State Estimation of Smart Grid: Attack Model and Countermeasures","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213312450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035313256","display_name":"Dou An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-0186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dou An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-0186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066227184","display_name":"Feiye Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-9768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feiye Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-9768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087373711","display_name":"Qingyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-2900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLMSE Laboratory, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-2900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLMSE Laboratory, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007940280","display_name":"Chengwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Liaoning, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Liaoning, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8151,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98838399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"1631","last_page":"1644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6249654293060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.5703514218330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5348497629165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.505341112613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.4636014699935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4551411271095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.41671597957611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4109797477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28780514001846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09946304559707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09189897775650024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6249654293060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.5703514218330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5348497629165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.505341112613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.4636014699935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4551411271095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.41671597957611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4109797477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28780514001846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09946304559707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09189897775650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3020521192","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5065734402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61833015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5226995995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5609691349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BX20200272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335768","funder_display_name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5801680876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1704103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5847318637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M643659","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7192844520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61673315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G964132629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335768","display_name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489178141","https://openalex.org/W1633026719","https://openalex.org/W2031187181","https://openalex.org/W2036783883","https://openalex.org/W2037772521","https://openalex.org/W2042792964","https://openalex.org/W2047801797","https://openalex.org/W2052247418","https://openalex.org/W2106267320","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2109156380","https://openalex.org/W2121092017","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2329192114","https://openalex.org/W2332912277","https://openalex.org/W2343174841","https://openalex.org/W2357419996","https://openalex.org/W2544628996","https://openalex.org/W2563372634","https://openalex.org/W2597776218","https://openalex.org/W2619800344","https://openalex.org/W2736394344","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2746722165","https://openalex.org/W2752217602","https://openalex.org/W2761873684","https://openalex.org/W2783173268","https://openalex.org/W2787079451","https://openalex.org/W2792169732","https://openalex.org/W2797025128","https://openalex.org/W2890946036","https://openalex.org/W2896963783","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2904890372","https://openalex.org/W2946893466","https://openalex.org/W2951799221","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2966740848","https://openalex.org/W2968666975","https://openalex.org/W2971932308","https://openalex.org/W2982500638","https://openalex.org/W2984195658","https://openalex.org/W3027095575","https://openalex.org/W3085093899","https://openalex.org/W3101076092","https://openalex.org/W3148500559","https://openalex.org/W3160693357","https://openalex.org/W3161403725","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4287762179","https://openalex.org/W6677939520","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6685444567","https://openalex.org/W6755792838","https://openalex.org/W6778983719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751256511","https://openalex.org/W2152797858","https://openalex.org/W3089353361","https://openalex.org/W2032188264","https://openalex.org/W3204945059","https://openalex.org/W4205294552","https://openalex.org/W4387006424","https://openalex.org/W2061818469","https://openalex.org/W9098411","https://openalex.org/W1939743152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"smart":[1,36,44,257,488],"grid":[2,26,37,45,66,96,297,320],"integrates":[3],"advanced":[4],"sensors,":[5],"efficient":[6,20],"measurement":[7],"methods,":[8],"progressive":[9],"control":[10],"technologies,":[11],"and":[12,15,21,31,40,102,235,268,371,476],"other":[13],"techniques":[14],"devices":[16],"to":[17,47,133,146,170,181,193,213,238,249,274,302,348,397,408,429,481],"achieve":[18],"safe,":[19],"economical":[22],"operation":[23,67,321],"of":[24,34,42,94,100,114,151,187,198,256,260,295,317,325,341,352,369,380,403,438,447,487],"the":[25,29,43,55,65,72,78,87,98,104,112,141,148,158,165,177,182,195,203,207,221,226,229,252,261,265,270,277,285,291,296,307,318,323,327,330,338,350,357,367,373,394,399,404,411,419,423,436,456,465,471,482],"system.":[27],"However,":[28],"diversified":[30],"open":[32],"environment":[33],"a":[35,51,119,126,188,244,314,387],"makes":[38],"energy":[39],"information":[41,273],"vulnerable":[46],"malicious":[48],"attacks.":[49],"As":[50],"representative":[52],"cyber-physical":[53],"attack,":[54],"data":[56,105,136,253,466],"integrity":[57,106,137,254,467],"attack":[58,79,88,107,331,358,381],"has":[59,111],"an":[60],"extremely":[61,334],"severe":[62],"impact":[63],"on":[64],"for":[68,313],"it":[69],"can":[70,477],"bypass":[71],"traditional":[73],"detection":[74,108,223,286,304,344,382,391,440,448,458],"mechanisms":[75],"by":[76],"adjusting":[77],"vector.":[80],"In":[81,346,454],"this":[82,240,283],"paper,":[83,241],"we":[84,242,354,385],"first":[85,355],"present":[86,243,356],"strategy":[89,359,473],"against":[90,135,251,360,464],"dynamic":[91,363],"state":[92,149,272,332,364,401],"estimation":[93,196,365],"power":[95,361],"in":[97,155,228,366,445,462,474],"perspective":[99,368],"adversary":[101,370],"formulate":[103,372],"problem":[109],"that":[110,220],"characteristic":[113],"sequential":[115],"decision":[116,123,377],"making":[117],"as":[118,450,452],"partially":[120,374],"observable":[121,375],"Markov":[122,376],"process.":[124],"Then,":[125],"deep":[127,245,388],"reinforcement":[128,246,389],"learning-based":[129,247,390],"approach":[130,224,392],"is":[131,160,191,211,279,333,413,427,460],"proposed":[132,212,222,439,457],"detect":[134],"attacks,":[138],"which":[139,175,299,336],"utilizes":[140],"Long":[142],"Short-Term":[143],"Memory":[144],"layer":[145],"extract":[147,398],"features":[150,402],"previous":[152,262,342,405],"time":[153,406],"steps":[154,407],"determining":[156],"whether":[157,276,410],"system":[159,266,278,309,400,412,486],"currently":[161,414],"under":[162,280],"attack.":[163,281],"Moreover,":[164,306,384],"noisy":[166],"networks":[167],"are":[168],"employed":[169],"ensure":[171],"effective":[172],"agent":[173,178],"exploration,":[174],"prevents":[176],"from":[179],"sticking":[180],"non-optimal":[183],"policy.":[184],"The":[185,433],"principle":[186],"multi-step":[189],"learning":[190,339,431],"adopted":[192],"increase":[194,214,349,430],"accuracy":[197,351],"Q":[199],"value.":[200],"To":[201,417],"address":[202,418],"sparse":[204,420],"rewards":[205,421],"problem,":[206,422],"prioritized":[208,424],"experience":[209,328,425],"replay":[210,426],"training":[215],"efficiency.":[216,432],"Simulation":[217],"results":[218],"demonstrated":[219],"surpasses":[225],"benchmarks":[227,444],"comparison":[230],"metrics:":[231],"delay":[232,449],"error":[233],"rate":[234],"false":[236],"rate.Note":[237],"Practitioners\u2014In":[239],"algorithm":[248],"defend":[250],"attacks":[255,468],"grid.":[258,489],"Most":[259],"works":[263],"discretized":[264],"states":[267,310],"utilized":[269],"current":[271],"identify":[275],"For":[282],"reason,":[284],"policy":[287],"may":[288],"totally":[289],"ignored":[290],"continuously":[292],"changing":[293],"characteristics":[294],"states,":[298,322],"will":[300],"lead":[301],"poor":[303],"performance.":[305],"attacked":[308],"only":[311],"accounts":[312],"small":[315],"part":[316],"entire":[319],"probability":[324],"sampling":[326],"containing":[329],"small,":[335],"limits":[337],"efficiency":[340],"RL-based":[343],"approaches.":[345],"order":[347],"detection,":[353],"grid\u2019s":[362],"process":[378],"model":[379],"problem.":[383],"propose":[386],"combining":[393],"LSTM":[395],"network":[396],"determine":[409],"being":[415],"attacked.":[416],"used":[428],"experiments":[434],"demonstrate":[435],"effectiveness":[437],"scheme":[441,459],"compared":[442],"with":[443],"terms":[446],"well":[451],"accuracy.":[453],"conclusion,":[455],"helpful":[461],"defending":[463],"without":[469],"obtaining":[470],"opponent\u2019s":[472],"advance":[475],"be":[478],"conveniently":[479],"applied":[480],"real-world":[483],"security":[484],"management":[485]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}