{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213312450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","title":"Data Integrity Attack in Dynamic State Estimation of Smart Grid: Attack Model and Countermeasures","display_name":"Data Integrity Attack in Dynamic State Estimation of Smart Grid: Attack Model and Countermeasures","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213312450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035313256","display_name":"Dou An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-0186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dou An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-0186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066227184","display_name":"Feiye Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-9768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feiye Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-9768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087373711","display_name":"Qingyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-2900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLMSE Laboratory, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-2900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLMSE Laboratory, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, and the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007940280","display_name":"Chengwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Liaoning, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Liaoning, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.6789,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99055881,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"1631","last_page":"1644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6249654293060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.5703514218330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5348497629165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.505341112613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.4636014699935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4551411271095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.41671597957611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4109797477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28780514001846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09946304559707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09189897775650024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6249654293060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.5703514218330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5348497629165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.505341112613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.4636014699935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4551411271095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.41671597957611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4109797477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28780514001846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09946304559707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09189897775650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3149764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3020521192","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5065734402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61833015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5226995995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5609691349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BX20200272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335768","funder_display_name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5801680876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1704103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5847318637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M643659","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7192844520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61673315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G964132629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335768","display_name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489178141","https://openalex.org/W1633026719","https://openalex.org/W2031187181","https://openalex.org/W2036783883","https://openalex.org/W2037772521","https://openalex.org/W2042792964","https://openalex.org/W2047801797","https://openalex.org/W2052247418","https://openalex.org/W2106267320","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2109156380","https://openalex.org/W2121092017","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2329192114","https://openalex.org/W2332912277","https://openalex.org/W2343174841","https://openalex.org/W2357419996","https://openalex.org/W2544628996","https://openalex.org/W2563372634","https://openalex.org/W2597776218","https://openalex.org/W2619800344","https://openalex.org/W2736394344","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2746722165","https://openalex.org/W2752217602","https://openalex.org/W2761873684","https://openalex.org/W2783173268","https://openalex.org/W2787079451","https://openalex.org/W2792169732","https://openalex.org/W2797025128","https://openalex.org/W2890946036","https://openalex.org/W2896963783","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2904890372","https://openalex.org/W2946893466","https://openalex.org/W2951799221","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2966740848","https://openalex.org/W2968666975","https://openalex.org/W2971932308","https://openalex.org/W2982500638","https://openalex.org/W2984195658","https://openalex.org/W3027095575","https://openalex.org/W3085093899","https://openalex.org/W3101076092","https://openalex.org/W3148500559","https://openalex.org/W3160693357","https://openalex.org/W3161403725","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4287762179","https://openalex.org/W6677939520","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6685444567","https://openalex.org/W6755792838","https://openalex.org/W6778983719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751256511","https://openalex.org/W2152797858","https://openalex.org/W3089353361","https://openalex.org/W2032188264","https://openalex.org/W3204945059","https://openalex.org/W4205294552","https://openalex.org/W4387006424","https://openalex.org/W2061818469","https://openalex.org/W9098411","https://openalex.org/W1939743152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"smart":[1,36,44,261,492],"grid":[2,26,37,45,66,96,301,324],"integrates":[3],"advanced":[4],"sensors,":[5],"efficient":[6,20],"measurement":[7],"methods,":[8],"progressive":[9],"control":[10],"technologies,":[11],"and":[12,15,21,31,40,102,235,272,375,480],"other":[13],"techniques":[14],"devices":[16],"to":[17,47,133,146,170,181,193,213,241,253,278,306,352,401,412,433,485],"achieve":[18],"safe,":[19],"economical":[22],"operation":[23,67,325],"of":[24,34,42,94,100,114,151,187,198,260,264,299,321,329,345,356,373,384,407,442,451,491],"the":[25,29,43,55,65,72,78,87,98,104,112,141,148,158,165,177,182,195,203,207,221,226,229,256,265,269,274,281,289,295,300,311,322,327,331,334,342,354,361,371,377,398,403,408,415,423,427,440,460,469,475,486],"system.":[27],"However,":[28],"diversified":[30],"open":[32],"environment":[33],"a":[35,51,119,126,188,248,318,391],"makes":[38],"energy":[39],"information":[41,277],"vulnerable":[46],"malicious":[48],"attacks.":[49],"As":[50],"representative":[52],"cyber-physical":[53],"attack,":[54],"data":[56,105,136,257,470],"integrity":[57,106,137,258,471],"attack":[58,79,88,107,335,362,385],"has":[59,111],"an":[60],"extremely":[61,338],"severe":[62],"impact":[63],"on":[64],"for":[68,317],"it":[69],"can":[70,481],"bypass":[71],"traditional":[73],"detection":[74,108,223,290,308,348,386,395,444,452,462],"mechanisms":[75],"by":[76],"adjusting":[77],"vector.":[80],"In":[81,350,458],"this":[82,244,287],"paper,":[83,245],"we":[84,246,358,389],"first":[85,359],"present":[86,247,360],"strategy":[89,363,477],"against":[90,135,255,364,468],"dynamic":[91,367],"state":[92,149,276,336,368,405],"estimation":[93,196,369],"power":[95,365],"in":[97,155,228,370,449,466,478],"perspective":[99,372],"adversary":[101,374],"formulate":[103,376],"problem":[109],"that":[110,220],"characteristic":[113],"sequential":[115],"decision":[116,123,381],"making":[117],"as":[118,454,456],"partially":[120,378],"observable":[121,379],"Markov":[122,380],"process.":[124],"Then,":[125],"deep":[127,249,392],"reinforcement":[128,250,393],"learning-based":[129,251,394],"approach":[130,224,396],"is":[131,160,191,211,283,337,417,431,464],"proposed":[132,212,222,443,461],"detect":[134],"attacks,":[138],"which":[139,175,303,340],"utilizes":[140],"Long":[142],"Short-Term":[143],"Memory":[144],"layer":[145],"extract":[147,402],"features":[150,406],"previous":[152,266,346,409],"time":[153,410],"steps":[154,411],"determining":[156],"whether":[157,280,414],"system":[159,270,282,313,404,416,490],"currently":[161,418],"under":[162,284],"attack.":[163,285],"Moreover,":[164,310,388],"noisy":[166],"networks":[167],"are":[168],"employed":[169],"ensure":[171],"effective":[172],"agent":[173,178],"exploration,":[174],"prevents":[176],"from":[179],"sticking":[180],"non-optimal":[183],"policy.":[184],"The":[185,437],"principle":[186],"multi-step":[189],"learning":[190,343,435],"adopted":[192],"increase":[194,214,353,434],"accuracy":[197,355],"Q":[199],"value.":[200],"To":[201,421],"address":[202,422],"sparse":[204,424],"rewards":[205,425],"problem,":[206,426],"prioritized":[208,428],"experience":[209,332,429],"replay":[210,430],"training":[215],"efficiency.":[216,436],"Simulation":[217],"results":[218],"demonstrated":[219],"surpasses":[225],"benchmarks":[227,448],"comparison":[230],"metrics:":[231],"delay":[232,453],"error":[233],"rate":[234],"false":[236],"rate.":[237],"<italic":[238],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[239],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Note":[240],"Practitioners</i>":[242],"\u2014In":[243],"algorithm":[252],"defend":[254],"attacks":[259,472],"grid.":[262,493],"Most":[263],"works":[267],"discretized":[268],"states":[271,314],"utilized":[273],"current":[275],"identify":[279],"For":[286],"reason,":[288],"policy":[291],"may":[292],"totally":[293],"ignored":[294],"continuously":[296],"changing":[297],"characteristics":[298],"states,":[302,326],"will":[304],"lead":[305],"poor":[307],"performance.":[309],"attacked":[312],"only":[315],"accounts":[316],"small":[319],"part":[320],"entire":[323],"probability":[328],"sampling":[330],"containing":[333],"small,":[339],"limits":[341],"efficiency":[344],"RL-based":[347],"approaches.":[349],"order":[351],"detection,":[357],"grid\u2019s":[366],"process":[382],"model":[383],"problem.":[387],"propose":[390],"combining":[397],"LSTM":[399],"network":[400],"determine":[413],"being":[419],"attacked.":[420],"used":[432],"experiments":[438],"demonstrate":[439],"effectiveness":[441],"scheme":[445,463],"compared":[446],"with":[447],"terms":[450],"well":[455],"accuracy.":[457],"conclusion,":[459],"helpful":[465],"defending":[467],"without":[473],"obtaining":[474],"opponent\u2019s":[476],"advance":[479],"be":[482],"conveniently":[483],"applied":[484],"real-world":[487],"security":[488],"management":[489]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-28T08:01:55.173337","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}