{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3032958247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2996160","title":"An Optimal Primary Frequency Control Based on Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Islanded Modernized Microgrids","display_name":"An Optimal Primary Frequency Control Based on Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Islanded Modernized Microgrids","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3032958247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2996160","mag":"3032958247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2020.2996160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2996160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037403139","display_name":"Masoud Davari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5153-9485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39815113","display_name":"Georgia Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04agmb972","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39815113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Davari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen E. Paulson College of Engineering and Computing, Georgia Southern University (Statesboro Campus), Statesboro, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5153-9485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen E. Paulson College of Engineering and Computing, Georgia Southern University (Statesboro Campus), Statesboro, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39815113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040120960","display_name":"Weinan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7921-018X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39815113","display_name":"Georgia Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04agmb972","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39815113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weinan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen E. Paulson College of Engineering and Computing, Georgia Southern University (Statesboro Campus), Statesboro, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7921-018X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen E. Paulson College of Engineering and Computing, Georgia Southern University (Statesboro Campus), Statesboro, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39815113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067046312","display_name":"Zhong\u2010Ping Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4868-9359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong-Ping Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4868-9359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016137188","display_name":"Frank L. Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-1615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank L. Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["UTA Research Institute, The University of Texas at Arlington, Fort Worth, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-1615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UTA Research Institute, The University of Texas at Arlington, Fort Worth, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96510378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"1109","last_page":"1121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.5957284569740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.5519631505012512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5117356777191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.4943685531616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.47578656673431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4741213619709015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4703426957130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.4611433148384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.45277151465415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.23094651103019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1313648223876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11093902587890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09310126304626465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.5957284569740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.5519631505012512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5117356777191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.4943685531616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.47578656673431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4741213619709015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4703426957130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.4611433148384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.45277151465415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.23094651103019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1313648223876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11093902587890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09310126304626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2020.2996160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2996160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1492839926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#1903781","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6529762722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#1808279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8139344681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#1902787","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114979488","https://openalex.org/W165924882","https://openalex.org/W296003671","https://openalex.org/W1511275238","https://openalex.org/W1600349401","https://openalex.org/W1972243698","https://openalex.org/W1982043023","https://openalex.org/W1990833963","https://openalex.org/W1999213690","https://openalex.org/W2104195154","https://openalex.org/W2139416664","https://openalex.org/W2161639424","https://openalex.org/W2165726932","https://openalex.org/W2214816543","https://openalex.org/W2296221482","https://openalex.org/W2333120204","https://openalex.org/W2340995602","https://openalex.org/W2522967535","https://openalex.org/W2543834468","https://openalex.org/W2565228678","https://openalex.org/W2648500183","https://openalex.org/W2767307332","https://openalex.org/W2786620688","https://openalex.org/W2790958326","https://openalex.org/W2798892722","https://openalex.org/W2809115421","https://openalex.org/W2921462284","https://openalex.org/W2927602731","https://openalex.org/W2947138672","https://openalex.org/W2964199422","https://openalex.org/W4213367573","https://openalex.org/W4231943868","https://openalex.org/W4301886962","https://openalex.org/W4388319978","https://openalex.org/W6763177027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1932159282","https://openalex.org/W4285537323","https://openalex.org/W2379312070","https://openalex.org/W2136173754","https://openalex.org/W2110050003","https://openalex.org/W2953025626","https://openalex.org/W2499081552","https://openalex.org/W2366053282","https://openalex.org/W1653644965","https://openalex.org/W2128788708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"many":[1],"pilot":[2,241],"research":[3,242],"and":[4,27,72,113,119,243,272,291,370,374],"development":[5,244],"(R&D)":[6,245],"microgrid":[7,50,246],"projects,":[8],"engine-based":[9,37],"generators":[10,135],"are":[11,54,193,230,268,288,296,305,356],"employed":[12],"in":[13,44,65,143,182,195,222,240,264,401],"their":[14,261],"power":[15,28,398],"systems,":[16],"either":[17],"generating":[18],"electrical":[19],"energy":[20],"or":[21],"being":[22],"mixed":[23],"with":[24,57,171,308,350],"the":[25,32,41,45,86,92,114,133,137,144,172,176,199,202,216,234,255,259,265,299,309,331,337,344,351,367,376,384],"heat":[26],"technology.":[29],"One":[30],"of":[31,35,48,89,91,99,104,108,116,139,146,168,175,201,218,233,237,254,258,314,378,396],"critical":[33],"tasks":[34],"such":[36],"generation":[38],"units":[39],"is":[40,96,152,179,361,411],"frequency":[42,83,130,138,220,239,283],"regulation":[43],"islanded":[46,87,141,266,317],"mode":[47,88,267],"modernized":[49,223],"(MMG)":[51],"operation;":[52],"MMGs":[53,249,347],"microgrids":[55,224],"equipped":[56],"advanced":[58,270],"controls":[59,221,263],"to":[60,77,197,209,281,336],"address":[61],"more":[62],"emerging":[63],"scenarios":[64],"smart":[66,147,256],"grids.":[67,148],"For":[68],"having":[69],"a":[70,322],"stable":[71],"reliable":[73],"MMG,":[74],"we":[75],"need":[76],"synthesize":[78],"an":[79,127,140,155],"optimal,":[80],"robust,":[81],"primary":[82,129,219,262],"controller":[84],"for":[85,132],"MMG":[90,142],"future.":[93],"This":[94,124,319],"task":[95],"challenging":[97],"because":[98],"unknown":[100],"mechanical":[101,315],"parameters,":[102],"occurrence":[103],"uncertain":[105,364],"disturbances,":[106],"uncertainty":[107,369],"loads,":[109],"operating":[110,371],"point":[111,372],"variations,":[112],"appearance":[115],"engine":[117,134,227,310,385],"delays,":[118],"hence":[120],"nonminimum":[121,300,379],"phase":[122,301,380],"dynamics.":[123,302],"article":[125,212,320],"presents":[126],"innovative":[128],"control":[131,159,327],"regulating":[136,238],"context":[145],"The":[149,166,358],"proposed":[150,203,345,359],"approach":[151,328,360,410],"based":[153,329],"on":[154,330,388],"adaptive":[156,162,324,332],"optimal":[157,325],"output-feedback":[158,326],"algorithm":[160],"using":[161,226,284,343],"dynamic":[163,333],"programming":[164,334],"(ADP).":[165],"convergence":[167],"algorithms,":[169],"along":[170],"stability":[173],"analysis":[174],"closed-loop":[177],"system,":[178],"also":[180],"shown":[181],"this":[183,409],"article.":[184],"Finally,":[185],"as":[186],"experimental":[187],"validation,":[188],"hardware-in-the-loop":[189,392],"(HIL)":[190,393],"test":[191],"results":[192],"provided":[194],"order":[196],"examine":[198],"effectiveness":[200],"methodology":[204],"practically.":[205],"<italic":[206],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[207],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Note":[208],"Practitioners</i>":[210],"\u2014This":[211],"was":[213],"motivated":[214],"by":[215,383],"problem":[217,339],"(MMGs)":[225],"generators,":[228],"which":[229,355],"still":[231],"one":[232],"prime":[235],"sources":[236],"projects.":[247],"Although":[248],"will":[250],"be":[251],"integral":[252],"parts":[253],"grid":[257],"future,":[260],"not":[269,273,292,297],"enough":[271],"considering":[274,298],"existing":[275],"theoretical":[276],"challenges":[277],"scientifically.":[278],"Existing":[279],"approaches":[280],"regulate":[282],"industrially":[285],"accepted":[286],"methods":[287],"highly":[289],"model-based":[290],"optimal.":[293],"Besides,":[294],"they":[295],"These":[303],"dynamics":[304,381],"mainly":[306],"associated":[307],"delays\u2014an":[311],"inherent":[312],"issue":[313],"parts\u2014for":[316],"microgrids.":[318],"suggests":[321],"new":[323],"(ADP)":[335],"abovementioned":[338],"under":[340],"consideration.":[341],"By":[342],"methodology,":[346],"can":[348],"deal":[349],"issues":[352],"mentioned":[353],"earlier,":[354],"challenging.":[357],"optimally":[362],"rejecting":[363],"disturbances":[365],"(considering":[366],"load":[368],"variations)":[373],"reducing":[375],"impacts":[377],"caused":[382],"delay.":[386],"Based":[387],"our":[389,404],"currently":[390],"available":[391],"device\u2019s":[394],"capability":[395],"modeling":[397],"systems\u2019":[399],"components":[400],"real":[402],"time,":[403],"HIL-based":[405],"experiments":[406],"demonstrate":[407],"that":[408],"feasible.":[412]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
