{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016704421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2983486","title":"HVAC Energy Cost Optimization for a Multizone Building via a Decentralized Approach","display_name":"HVAC Energy Cost Optimization for a Multizone Building via a Decentralized Approach","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016704421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2983486","mag":"3016704421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2020.2983486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2983486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/162466/2/%5bTASE%5d%20HVAC%20Energy%20Cost%20Optimization%2c%20accepted.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074817079","display_name":"Yu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-4583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167254","display_name":"Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05yb3w112","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167254"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SinBerBEST, Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SinBerBEST, Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167254"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050664552","display_name":"Guoqiang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8618-5581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013076652","display_name":"Costas J. Spanos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Costas J. Spanos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074817079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167254"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9097,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9338443,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"1950","last_page":"1960"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10963","display_name":"Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2612","display_name":"Numerical Analysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.8358681797981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6545584201812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6176553964614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5253190994262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.47758936882019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4549533724784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4524974226951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.44368776679039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralised-system","display_name":"Decentralised system","score":0.42824414372444153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3918583393096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.31104233860969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22174030542373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.14401453733444214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.8358681797981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6545584201812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6176553964614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5253190994262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.47758936882019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4549533724784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4524974226951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.44368776679039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205875254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156857","display_name":"Decentralised system","level":3,"score":0.42824414372444153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3918583393096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.31104233860969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22174030542373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.14401453733444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2020.2983486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2983486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/162466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/162466","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/162466/2/%5bTASE%5d%20HVAC%20Energy%20Cost%20Optimization%2c%20accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/162466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/162466","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/162466/2/%5bTASE%5d%20HVAC%20Energy%20Cost%20Optimization%2c%20accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016704421.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016704421.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965842330","https://openalex.org/W1970181869","https://openalex.org/W1973944436","https://openalex.org/W1982243808","https://openalex.org/W1988622494","https://openalex.org/W2001960389","https://openalex.org/W2007884644","https://openalex.org/W2008496286","https://openalex.org/W2018386036","https://openalex.org/W2019348145","https://openalex.org/W2058464852","https://openalex.org/W2079651407","https://openalex.org/W2107642939","https://openalex.org/W2121775563","https://openalex.org/W2127559206","https://openalex.org/W2127883485","https://openalex.org/W2158620383","https://openalex.org/W2163085155","https://openalex.org/W2164278908","https://openalex.org/W2169658480","https://openalex.org/W2176075926","https://openalex.org/W2203932806","https://openalex.org/W2292501141","https://openalex.org/W2317089056","https://openalex.org/W2336598650","https://openalex.org/W2345246782","https://openalex.org/W2409418461","https://openalex.org/W2508970689","https://openalex.org/W2580975717","https://openalex.org/W2588174609","https://openalex.org/W2735852439","https://openalex.org/W2741940505","https://openalex.org/W2768698652","https://openalex.org/W2786514502","https://openalex.org/W2963211073","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6733730704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3046823714","https://openalex.org/W2348218441","https://openalex.org/W4205684936","https://openalex.org/W3021806226","https://openalex.org/W2366782876","https://openalex.org/W2080118969","https://openalex.org/W2005108817","https://openalex.org/W3088859544","https://openalex.org/W3174885725","https://openalex.org/W3194241082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,197],"control":[1,58],"of":[2,29,59,108,127,160,172,182,209],"heating,":[3],"ventilation,":[4],"and":[5,20,37,111,154,236],"air-conditioning":[6],"(HVAC)":[7],"systems":[8,62],"has":[9,90],"raised":[10],"extensive":[11],"attention":[12],"due":[13,43,79,97],"to":[14,44,66,80,98],"their":[15],"high":[16],"energy":[17,68,234],"consumption":[18],"cost":[19,69,235],"operation":[21],"patterns":[22],"far":[23],"from":[24],"being":[25],"energy-efficient.":[26],"However,":[27,219],"most":[28],"the":[30,45,56,64,76,84,101,105,109,116,133,139,147,157,161,167,170,179,191,214,223],"existing":[31],"methods":[32,216],"suffer":[33],"limitations":[34],"in":[35,100,142,233],"scalability":[36],"computational":[38,106],"efficiency":[39],"for":[40,50,202,220],"large":[41],"buildings":[42,203],"centralized":[46,168],"structures.":[47],"To":[48,103],"compensate":[49],"such":[51],"defects,":[52],"this":[53,120,173,183],"article":[54,121],"studies":[55],"scalable":[57],"multizone":[60],"HVAC":[61],"with":[63,166,190,204,228],"target":[65],"reduce":[67],"while":[70],"maintaining":[71],"thermal":[72,77],"comfort.":[73],"In":[74,177],"particular,":[75],"couplings":[78],"heat":[81],"transfer":[82],"among":[83],"adjacent":[85],"zones":[86,210],"are":[87,217],"incorporated,":[88],"which":[89],"been":[91],"ignored":[92],"or":[93],"not":[94],"well":[95],"studied":[96],"complexity":[99],"literature.":[102],"overcome":[104],"challenges":[107],"nonlinear":[110],"nonconvex":[112],"problem":[113,141],"caused":[114],"by":[115],"complex":[117],"system":[118,135],"dynamics,":[119],"proposes":[122],"a":[123,143,164,188,205,229],"decentralized":[124,144],"approach":[125,174,184,225],"composed":[126],"three":[128],"main":[129],"steps:":[130],"1)":[131],"relaxing":[132],"bilinear":[134],"dynamics;":[136],"2)":[137],"solving":[138],"relaxed":[140],"manner":[145],"using":[146],"accelerated":[148],"distributed":[149,192],"augmented":[150],"Lagrangian":[151],"(ADAL)":[152],"method;":[153],"3)":[155],"recovering":[156],"recursive":[158],"feasibility":[159],"solution.":[162],"Through":[163],"comparison":[165,189],"method,":[169],"suboptimality":[171],"is":[175,185],"demonstrated.":[176],"addition,":[178],"superior":[180],"performance":[181],"illustrated":[186],"through":[187],"token-based":[193],"scheduling":[194],"strategy":[195],"(DTBSS).":[196],"numerical":[198],"results":[199],"imply":[200],"that":[201],"relatively":[206],"small":[207],"number":[208],"(less":[211],"than":[212],"20),":[213],"two":[215],"competitive.":[218],"larger":[221],"cases,":[222],"proposed":[224],"performs":[226],"better":[227],"considerable":[230],"reduction":[231],"both":[232],"computation":[237],"time.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}