{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3014679105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2980726","title":"Orthogonal Uncertainty Modeling in the Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems","display_name":"Orthogonal Uncertainty Modeling in the Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3014679105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2980726","mag":"3014679105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2020.2980726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2980726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017550789","display_name":"Torsten Bandyszak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-0652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Torsten Bandyszak","raw_affiliation_strings":["paluno\u2014The Ruhr Institute for Software Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-0652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"paluno\u2014The Ruhr Institute for Software Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011581704","display_name":"Marian Daun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-9731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian Daun","raw_affiliation_strings":["paluno\u2014The Ruhr Institute for Software Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-9731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"paluno\u2014The Ruhr Institute for Software Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053284216","display_name":"Bastian Tenbergen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-4800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43742981","display_name":"State University of New York at Oswego","ror":"https://ror.org/01597g643","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43742981"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bastian Tenbergen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-4800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43742981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082058680","display_name":"Patrick Kuhs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Kuhs","raw_affiliation_strings":["paluno\u2014The Ruhr Institute for Software Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"paluno\u2014The Ruhr Institute for Software Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004989678","display_name":"Stefanie Wolf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanie Wolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporate Technology, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate Technology, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052634744","display_name":"Thorsten Weyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-5113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802076133","display_name":"University of Koblenz and Landau","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9f6752","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802076133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153937","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Koblenz","ror":"https://ror.org/0433e6t24","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153937"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorsten Weyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Technology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-5113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Technology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802076133","https://openalex.org/I4387153937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017550789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95660624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7909574508666992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5972000360488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5857223868370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.475157231092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.4745391607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.44615206122398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4397769570350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4255248010158539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30152592062950134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7909574508666992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5972000360488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5857223868370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.475157231092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.4745391607284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.44615206122398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4397769570350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4255248010158539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30152592062950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2020.2980726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.2980726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W149825191","https://openalex.org/W594115025","https://openalex.org/W1181149784","https://openalex.org/W1492988325","https://openalex.org/W1505626156","https://openalex.org/W1576372144","https://openalex.org/W1590752906","https://openalex.org/W1650780448","https://openalex.org/W1668140416","https://openalex.org/W1842401706","https://openalex.org/W1851656425","https://openalex.org/W1901527989","https://openalex.org/W1978519707","https://openalex.org/W2024826021","https://openalex.org/W2028368146","https://openalex.org/W2038420319","https://openalex.org/W2054097655","https://openalex.org/W2075036374","https://openalex.org/W2093147212","https://openalex.org/W2098895708","https://openalex.org/W2103253321","https://openalex.org/W2109105084","https://openalex.org/W2111959010","https://openalex.org/W2118680859","https://openalex.org/W2122824813","https://openalex.org/W2128606483","https://openalex.org/W2142486130","https://openalex.org/W2152745641","https://openalex.org/W2161970655","https://openalex.org/W2162739315","https://openalex.org/W2164060583","https://openalex.org/W2164575269","https://openalex.org/W2294263546","https://openalex.org/W2335720172","https://openalex.org/W2464819357","https://openalex.org/W2472371436","https://openalex.org/W2492835449","https://openalex.org/W2551143595","https://openalex.org/W2552875233","https://openalex.org/W2558679597","https://openalex.org/W2558775291","https://openalex.org/W2563096677","https://openalex.org/W2610350439","https://openalex.org/W2610831067","https://openalex.org/W2736727838","https://openalex.org/W2771783069","https://openalex.org/W2789836500","https://openalex.org/W2792991645","https://openalex.org/W2810099537","https://openalex.org/W2829523425","https://openalex.org/W2898678818","https://openalex.org/W2899054175","https://openalex.org/W2904078839","https://openalex.org/W2904738875","https://openalex.org/W2905178987","https://openalex.org/W2915903202","https://openalex.org/W2945920290","https://openalex.org/W2974282184","https://openalex.org/W2982837328","https://openalex.org/W2982880800","https://openalex.org/W3141976039","https://openalex.org/W4230581947","https://openalex.org/W4233218641","https://openalex.org/W4243543857","https://openalex.org/W6606122446","https://openalex.org/W6639731980","https://openalex.org/W6748837371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W2209816623","https://openalex.org/W2997567050","https://openalex.org/W1987127708","https://openalex.org/W3017360834","https://openalex.org/W3135700974","https://openalex.org/W4313307484","https://openalex.org/W2086962923","https://openalex.org/W3094048663","https://openalex.org/W2108376122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software-intensive":[0],"cyber-physical":[1],"systems":[2],"(CPS)":[3],"perform":[4],"essential":[5],"tasks":[6,40],"such":[7,35,80],"as":[8,25,27,63,65,118,160,214,216],"controlling":[9],"automated":[10],"production":[11,15,75],"processes":[12],"in":[13,38,48,92,174,246,274,299,307,370],"industrial":[14,74],"plants.":[16],"The":[17,179,333],"required":[18],"levels":[19],"of":[20,31,34,59,101,105,134,185,211,239,286,325],"autonomy,":[21],"openness,":[22],"and":[23,95,201,208,231,256,315,342],"self-adaptation,":[24],"well":[26,64,215],"the":[28,32,50,56,60,82,99,132,175,183,275,280,308,321,346],"dynamic":[29],"nature":[30],"context":[33,67],"CPS,":[36,71,135],"result":[37],"challenging":[39],"for":[41,73,79,163,268],"their":[42],"engineering.":[43],"During":[44],"operation,":[45],"unexpected":[46],"situations":[47],"which":[49,150,234,302],"system":[51,61,83,107],"has":[52,171],"insufficient":[53],"knowledge":[54],"about":[55,320],"current":[57,109],"state":[58],"itself":[62],"its":[66,90],"may":[68,235,251],"occur.":[69],"Engineering":[70],"e.g.,":[72],"sites,":[76],"must":[77],"account":[78,267],"uncertainties":[81,203,217,250,270],"will":[84],"have":[85],"to":[86,142,199,205,219,229,253,259,266,292,312,338,377],"cope":[87],"with":[88,153],"during":[89,237,271],"lifetime":[91],"a":[93,139,161,165,189,212,240,243,284,294,359,365],"structured":[94],"systematic":[96],"way.":[97],"Since":[98],"development":[100],"CPS":[102],"requires":[103],"consideration":[104],"different":[106,128,158,287,331],"perspectives,":[108,159],"uncertainty":[110,124,167,187,310,317,340,351,369],"modeling":[111,361],"approaches":[112],"cannot":[113],"be":[114,260,353,375],"applied":[115],"right":[116],"away,":[117],"they":[119],"do":[120],"not":[121],"explicitly":[122],"consider":[123],"aspects":[125],"that":[126,182,222,327,350,363,373],"affect":[127],"artifacts.":[129],"To":[130],"aid":[131],"engineering":[133,155,247,347,379],"this":[136],"article":[137],"presents":[138],"model-based":[140],"approach":[141,170,197,357],"document":[143,202],"uncertainty.":[144],"We":[145],"propose":[146],"\u201cOrthogonal":[147],"Uncertainty":[148],"Models,\u201d":[149],"closely":[151],"integrate":[152],"other":[154],"artifacts":[156],"from":[157],"means":[162],"capturing":[164],"dedicated":[166,190,366],"viewpoint.":[168],"Our":[169,356],"been":[172],"evaluated":[173],"industry":[176],"automation":[177],"domain.":[178],"application":[180],"shows":[181],"idea":[184],"regarding":[186],"within":[188],"perspective":[191,367],"is":[192,242,264,328],"highly":[193],"beneficial.":[194],"Particularly,":[195],"our":[196],"helps":[198],"uncover":[200],"related":[204,218],"behavioral,":[206],"functional,":[207],"structural":[209],"properties":[210],"system,":[213,241],"business":[220],"models":[221],"would":[223],"otherwise":[224],"possibly":[225],"remain":[226],"covert.":[227],"Note":[228],"Practitioners-Identifying":[230],"documenting":[232],"uncertainties,":[233],"occur":[236],"operation":[238],"common":[244],"problem":[245],"processes.":[248],"Such":[249],"lead":[252],"severe":[254],"damage,":[255],"thus":[257,297],"need":[258],"mitigated":[261],"appropriately.":[262],"It":[263],"crucial":[265],"these":[269],"engineering,":[272],"especially":[273],"early":[276],"phases.":[277],"Depending":[278],"on":[279,368],"specific":[281],"project":[282],"characteristics,":[283],"multitude":[285],"diagram":[288,313],"types":[289],"are":[290],"used":[291],"model":[293],"system.":[295],"Uncertainties":[296],"reflect":[298],"many":[300],"artifacts,":[301],"leads":[303],"to:":[304],"1)":[305],"redundancies":[306],"specified":[309],"attached":[311],"elements":[314],"2)":[316],"information":[318,341],"(e.g.,":[319],"cause":[322],"or":[323],"effect":[324],"uncertainty)":[326],"spread":[329],"across":[330],"diagrams.":[332],"latter":[334],"makes":[335],"it":[336,344],"difficult":[337],"structure":[339],"trace":[343],"throughout":[345],"process":[348],"so":[349],"can":[352,374],"systematically":[354],"considered.":[355],"provides":[358],"graphical":[360],"language":[362],"employs":[364],"separate":[371],"diagrams":[372],"linked":[376],"any":[378],"artifact.":[380]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
