{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2954498182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2019.2921810","title":"Multi-Timescale Decision and Optimization for HVAC Control Systems With Consistency Goals","display_name":"Multi-Timescale Decision and Optimization for HVAC Control Systems With Consistency Goals","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2954498182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2019.2921810","mag":"2954498182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2019.2921810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2019.2921810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045353377","display_name":"Zelin Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-3581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zelin Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-3581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048293972","display_name":"Feng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-5195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043647130","display_name":"Chao-Bo Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-0610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Bo Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-0610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075845093","display_name":"Xiaohong Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-0362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering Institute, Ministry of Educational Key Lab for Intelligent Networks and Networks Security, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","Systems Engineering Institute, Ministry of Educational Key Lab for Intelligent Networks and Networks Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering Institute, Ministry of Educational Key Lab for Intelligent Networks and Networks Security, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering Institute, Ministry of Educational Key Lab for Intelligent Networks and Networks Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64022086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"296","last_page":"309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5722751021385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.548551619052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.5425103902816772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.4659622013568878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45762595534324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3501429557800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34208372235298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.32317960262298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14372780919075012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5722751021385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.548551619052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.5425103902816772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4659622013568878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45762595534324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3501429557800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34208372235298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.32317960262298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14372780919075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2019.2921810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2019.2921810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1146963602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2387968756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61603294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5983507987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0901900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965419024","https://openalex.org/W1970098927","https://openalex.org/W1980364886","https://openalex.org/W1997516724","https://openalex.org/W2037607291","https://openalex.org/W2038170777","https://openalex.org/W2050683383","https://openalex.org/W2058266016","https://openalex.org/W2064343771","https://openalex.org/W2084156013","https://openalex.org/W2091839368","https://openalex.org/W2121111990","https://openalex.org/W2165817674","https://openalex.org/W2170301514","https://openalex.org/W2181590731","https://openalex.org/W2249683904","https://openalex.org/W2309225173","https://openalex.org/W2321621839","https://openalex.org/W2354705889","https://openalex.org/W2364407716","https://openalex.org/W2366524116","https://openalex.org/W2371654894","https://openalex.org/W2497420502","https://openalex.org/W2530153577","https://openalex.org/W2783821537","https://openalex.org/W2830615762","https://openalex.org/W2884168111","https://openalex.org/W6685914978","https://openalex.org/W6728448459","https://openalex.org/W6991629019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2615607975","https://openalex.org/W2355865573","https://openalex.org/W2155981143","https://openalex.org/W2155245395","https://openalex.org/W2192101006","https://openalex.org/W2116800748","https://openalex.org/W2190465783","https://openalex.org/W2638730922","https://openalex.org/W2027827693","https://openalex.org/W2381267592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"optimization":[1,314],"problems":[2],"for":[3,24,103,173,192,231,282],"heating,":[4],"ventilation,":[5],"and":[6,88,119,165,167,247,266,305,315],"air":[7],"conditioning":[8],"(HVAC)":[9],"control":[10],"systems":[11],"usually":[12],"refer":[13],"to":[14,33,62,201,277],"multiple":[15,318],"timescales.":[16],"This":[17,175],"paper":[18,108,176,272],"studies":[19,155],"a":[20,110,134,185,203,218,223,274],"two-timescale":[21,91,204,280],"decision":[22,186,316],"problem":[23,135,182],"indoor":[25,190],"temperature":[26,172,191,230,246,250],"regulation":[27],"by":[28,179,206],"HVAC":[29,215],"with":[30,196,294],"the":[31,51,64,74,86,101,114,122,127,137,158,163,169,180,189,193,210,214,229,234,241,244,248,261,279,287],"objective":[32],"improve":[34],"user's":[35,194],"comfort":[36,195],"under":[37],"limited":[38],"energy":[39,197,322],"consumption.":[40],"A":[41],"slow":[42,68,123],"timescale":[43,61,69,116,124,129],"is":[44,71,78,140,145,303],"divided":[45],"into":[46],"several":[47],"fast":[48,60,115,128],"timescales,":[49],"so":[50],"two":[52,290],"timescales":[53,291],"have":[54],"inherent":[55],"association.":[56],"Using":[57],"states":[58],"of":[59,66,153,187,289,317],"represent":[63],"state":[65,263],"its":[67],"properly":[70],"challenging,":[72],"thereby":[73],"weighted":[75],"mean":[76],"type":[77],"proposed":[79],"in":[80,90,95,136,148,217,233,285,320],"this":[81,107,149,256,271,301],"paper.":[82,150],"We":[83],"find":[84],"that":[85,112,157,183,300],"realizability":[87,166],"consistency":[89,164],"cannot":[92],"be":[93,238],"guaranteed":[94],"existing":[96],"empirical":[97],"models,":[98],"which":[99,286],"are":[100,292],"bases":[102],"physical":[104],"application.":[105],"Therefore,":[106,240],"proposes":[109],"method":[111],"building":[113],"model":[117,125,160,205,281],"first":[118],"then":[120],"inducing":[121],"from":[126,243],"model.":[130],"In":[131,255,307],"addition,":[132],"such":[133],"high-order":[138],"system":[139,221],"more":[141],"complex,":[142],"whose":[143],"solution":[144],"also":[146],"discussed":[147],"The":[151],"results":[152],"case":[154],"show":[156],"induced":[159],"can":[161],"guarantee":[162],"meet":[168],"user":[170],"desired":[171,249],"comfort.":[174],"was":[177],"motivated":[178],"multi-timescale":[181],"making":[184],"controlling":[188],"constraint.":[198],"Existing":[199],"approaches":[200],"build":[202,278],"experience":[207],"would":[208],"cause":[209,252],"inconsistent":[211],"deviation.":[212],"If":[213],"works":[216],"closed":[219],"environment":[220],"like":[222],"space":[224,235],"station,":[225],"besides":[226],"crew":[227],"comfort,":[228],"experiments":[232,298],"station":[236],"should":[237],"accurate.":[239],"deviation":[242],"actual":[245],"will":[251,311],"adverse":[253],"effects.":[254],"paper,":[257],"we":[258,310],"mathematically":[259],"derive":[260],"thermal":[262],"transfer":[264],"equations":[265],"analyze":[267],"some":[268],"problems.":[269],"Then,":[270],"suggests":[273],"new":[275],"approach":[276,302],"various":[283],"conditions,":[284],"models":[288],"consistent":[293],"each":[295],"other.":[296],"Preliminary":[297],"suggest":[299],"feasible":[304],"effective.":[306],"future":[308],"research,":[309],"jointly":[312],"make":[313],"appliances":[319],"home":[321],"management":[323],"(HEM)":[324],"system.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}