{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2521231675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2016.2604222","title":"Quantification of Secrecy in Partially Observed Stochastic Discrete Event Systems","display_name":"Quantification of Secrecy in Partially Observed Stochastic Discrete Event Systems","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2521231675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2016.2604222","mag":"2521231675"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2016.2604222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2016.2604222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063604106","display_name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-8519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800102766","display_name":"Idaho National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00ty2a548","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800102766","https://openalex.org/I2801818860"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800102766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079744121","display_name":"Mariam Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-3317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","Department of Mechatronics Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044031773","display_name":"Ratnesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-5790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ratnesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063604106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800102766"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0948,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97059921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"185","last_page":"195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.7280239462852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.7266205549240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.6844337582588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.621961236000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6159887909889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.567196249961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5503880977630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.5100856423377991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5060722231864929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5031029582023621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4932100176811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.45979568362236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4480045437812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.42857903242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3700375258922577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3615344762802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3382500410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.24766993522644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16531354188919067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12965133786201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.10011047124862671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.7280239462852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.7266205549240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6844337582588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.621961236000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6159887909889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.567196249961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5503880977630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.5100856423377991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5060722231864929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5031029582023621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4932100176811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.45979568362236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4480045437812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.42857903242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3700375258922577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3615344762802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3382500410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.24766993522644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16531354188919067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12965133786201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.10011047124862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2016.2604222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2016.2604222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1991717336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSFECCS-1509420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6035575445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-CCF-1331390","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307931","display_name":"John Deere","ror":"https://ror.org/00t625d81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W304710776","https://openalex.org/W1587663028","https://openalex.org/W1608968763","https://openalex.org/W1947473960","https://openalex.org/W1973895519","https://openalex.org/W1983934219","https://openalex.org/W1986386117","https://openalex.org/W1992424076","https://openalex.org/W2009797918","https://openalex.org/W2052703101","https://openalex.org/W2054904172","https://openalex.org/W2075379212","https://openalex.org/W2078144659","https://openalex.org/W2090930915","https://openalex.org/W2097151854","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2101961364","https://openalex.org/W2108104925","https://openalex.org/W2131456244","https://openalex.org/W2132255584","https://openalex.org/W2146567535","https://openalex.org/W2146771420","https://openalex.org/W2146852848","https://openalex.org/W2148114786","https://openalex.org/W2157338290","https://openalex.org/W2161179144","https://openalex.org/W2162246502","https://openalex.org/W2210387432","https://openalex.org/W2771254667","https://openalex.org/W6703387486"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046459260","https://openalex.org/W2967463586","https://openalex.org/W2765830098","https://openalex.org/W1971989957","https://openalex.org/W3157641275","https://openalex.org/W2517338020","https://openalex.org/W4312300846","https://openalex.org/W2615757685","https://openalex.org/W2098782634","https://openalex.org/W291937575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"cryptography":[1],"is":[2,149,173,187,211],"used":[3],"to":[4,20,64,78,101,151,175,188,224],"protect":[5],"the":[6,60,82,86,117,125,131,142,152,156,190,199,208,217,226],"content":[7],"of":[8,38,85,194],"information":[9,70,154],"(e.g.,":[10],"a":[11,50,96,182],"message)":[12],"by":[13,31,128,136],"making":[14],"it":[15],"undecipherable,":[16],"behaviors":[17,62],"(as":[18],"opposed":[19],"information)":[21],"may":[22,27,73],"not":[23],"be":[24,29,65,75],"encrypted":[25],"and":[26,88,130,161,203],"only":[28],"protected":[30],"partially":[32,109],"or":[33],"fully":[34],"hiding":[35],"through":[36],"creation":[37],"ambiguity":[39,58],"(by":[40],"providing":[41],"covers":[42],"that":[43,141,162],"generate":[44],"indistinguishable":[45],"observations":[46,126,160],"from":[47],"secrets).":[48],"Having":[49],"cover":[51],"together":[52],"with":[53,219],"partial":[54],"observability":[55],"does":[56],"cause":[57],"about":[59,71],"system":[61,165],"desired":[63],"kept":[66],"secret,":[67],"yet":[68],"some":[69],"secrets":[72,87],"still":[74],"leaked":[76],"due":[77],"statistical":[79,118],"difference":[80,119],"between":[81,120,155],"occurrence":[83],"probabilities":[84],"their":[89],"covers.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"we":[94],"propose":[95],"Jensen-Shannon":[97],"divergence":[98],"(JSD)-based":[99],"measure":[100,145,210],"quantify":[102],"secrecy":[103,147,195],"loss":[104,148,193],"in":[105,198],"systems":[106],"modeled":[107],"as":[108,196],"observed":[110],"stochastic":[111],"discrete":[112],"event":[113],"systems,":[114],"which":[115],"quantifies":[116],"two":[121],"distributions,":[122],"one":[123,218],"over":[124,133,158,163,201],"generated":[127,135],"secret":[129],"other":[132],"those":[134],"cover.":[137],"We":[138],"further":[139],"show":[140],"proposed":[143,209,227],"JSD":[144],"for":[146,181,207],"equivalent":[150],"mutual":[153],"distributions":[157],"possible":[159,164],"status":[166],"(secret":[167],"versus":[168],"cover).":[169],"Since":[170],"an":[171],"adversary":[172],"likely":[174],"discriminate":[176],"more":[177],"if":[178],"he/she":[179],"observes":[180],"longer":[183,202,204],"period,":[184],"our":[185],"goal":[186],"evaluate":[189],"worst":[191],"case":[192],"obtained":[197],"limit":[200],"observations.":[205],"Computation":[206],"also":[212],"presented.":[213],"Illustrative":[214],"examples,":[215],"including":[216],"side-channel":[220],"attack,":[221],"are":[222],"provided":[223],"demonstrate":[225],"computation":[228],"approach.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
